Max Scheler’s Phenomenology of Personalism and Paradox

Abstract

Abstract This chapter reflects on the contribution of Max Scheler (1874−1928), once considered one of the most brilliant phenomenological thinkers in Europe. The chapter focuses on the significance of values and feelings and the ways in which these work both for and against human togetherness. It explores three Schelerian themes: the phenomenon of ressentiment; the connection between exemplars and leaders; and the relationship between self and others. Using a paradox theory framing (i.e. an either/and relationship), I propose that Scheler’s ressentiment can reflect and create impotence in either leaders and followers, and involve feelings of either empowerment and incarceration. I explore his exemplarity as a paradox of either ‘is’ and ‘ought’, in which leaders and exemplars are either separate and interrelated. I also introduce Scheler’s highest form of togetherness, the Gesamtperson, to frame the dynamics of power where leaders are either the same and different to those whom they lead, based on an ethics which is either deeply personal and deeply together. I propose that Scheler offers valuable insights for the intersection of ‘pure’ phenomenological philosophy and the more ‘applied’ disciplines of organization and leadership studies.