Abstract
Within the global manufacturing industry, there is increasing recognition of the need to improve energy efficiency, to reduce both costs and carbon footprint. Significant work has sought to improve the energy efficiency of a variety of different processes, but in the case of laser welding, research has primarily focussed on the laser-material interaction and not on energy rationalisation. This work addresses this knowledge gap by methodically investigating and analysing the energy requirements of a laser welding process. In this study, a mathematical model has been created in order to take a “whole-system” approach to laser welding electrical demand, accounting for all component sub-systems of the laser cell. This model was then experimentally tested via use of an electrical energy monitor to gather energy data for an autogenous welding process carried out on 316L stainless steel at a variety of parameters. Mathematical analysis of this data was then used to create a matrix of electrical power draws at different test conditions, which was further developed into an analysis of process productivity. This revealed a very strong non-linear inverse correlation between process rate (kg/hr) and specific energy consumption (J/kg). This process productivity measurement was placed in context with other manufacturing processes, revealing that laser welding has a relatively high process rate (1E-02 – 1E0 kg/hr), and relatively low energy consumption (1E+08 and 1E+09 J/kg) in comparison. A further benefit of this model is that it allows the selection of processing parameters according to their energy demand. Energy flow analysis allows the direct comparison of the energy demand of different sets of processing parameters, which metallurgical analysis shows produce similar welds. In this study, it was shown that parameter selection alone was capable of producing an electrical energy saving of 60% for a given weld. This emphasises the importance of parameter selection and control in enabling environmentally cleaner manufacturing without compromising part quality or the need for investment in capital equipment.
Highlights
In manufacturing, energy is used to convert raw materials into products
Between 2010 and 2040, global energy consumption is expected to grow by 50%; 37% of which is due to increases in industry. (Chiaroni et al, 2017)
Two-axis motion was supplied via an Aerotech CNC system, and extraction was provided via a spinal laboratory-wide system, with a sub-pipe to the laser cell
Summary
In order to achieve energy efficiency improvements, it is useful to characterise and understand the energy consumption of the various manufacturing processes and sub-processes that materials undergo. These kinds of analysis are of increasing importance, with growing global awareness of the depletion of energy, materials and water reserves. Governments are aware of the importance of en ergy, with institutions such as the European Union issuing ever more ambitious energy efficiency directives (Locmelis et al, 2020). These requirements will grow in ambition as climate change awareness in creases and energy reductions grow more acute
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