Abstract
The battery storage system (BSS) is one of the key components in many modern power applications, such as in renewable energy systems and electric vehicles. However, charge imbalance among batteries is very common in BSSs, which may impair the power efficiency, reliability, and safety. Hence, various battery equalization methods have been proposed in the literature. Among these techniques, switched-capacitor (SC)-based battery equalizers (BEs) have attracted much attention due to their low cost, small size, and controllability. In this paper, seven types of SC-based BEs are studied, including conventional, double-tiered, modularized, chain structure types I and II, series-parallel, and single SC-based BEs. Mathematical models that describe the charge–discharge behaviors are first derived. Next, a statistical analysis based on MATLAB simulation is carried out to compare the performance of these seven BEs. Finally, a summary of the circuit design complexity, balancing speed, and practical implementation options for these seven topologies is provided.
Highlights
Owing to the growing attention given to environmental and energy-related issues, the applications of electronic vehicles (EVs) and renewable energy systems (RESs) have become more widespread
Given an 8-series-connected battery cell, there are 138 possible combinations of initial conditions (ICs). As this is a huge number of possible ICs, it is not practical to replicate all of the possible scenarios to assess their balancing performance
The simulation results for 1000 combinations of ICs can be regarded as representing all of the possible combinations of ICs
Summary
Owing to the growing attention given to environmental and energy-related issues, the applications of electronic vehicles (EVs) and renewable energy systems (RESs) have become more widespread. Dissipative BEs have a simple structure, low cost, and are easy to control, they deplete excessive energy from the overcharged cells via the bleeding resistors, resulting in lower efficiency. Non-dissipative BEs use power devices and inductors or capacitors to transfer energy between batteries to achieve equalization. Despite the high cost and complex circuit topology, the balancing speed and efficiency of the non-dissipative. In [15], a large number of non-dissipative BEs were comprehensively analyzed and 12 parameters were used to compare the different methods. The switched-capacitor (SC) and double-tiered SC topologies were the ones with the highest average values. They are the most favorable among non-dissipative BEs. The. More research efforts are devoted to developing faster, more efficient SC-based BEs
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