Abstract
This study examined whether maternal nutritional intake and breast milk macronutrient content influence the weight of breastfed infants. We investigated 129 healthy mothers with singleton babies born from July 2016 to December 2017 in a university hospital in Tokyo, Japan. Information was obtained by a self-administered food frequency questionnaire at 1 (valid response n = 92; mean age, 34 years) and 3 (n = 57) months after delivery. Breast milk was sampled at 1 and 3 months and the macronutrient contents were analyzed. The average pre-pregnancy body mass index and weight gain during pregnancy were 20.7 ± 2.6 kg/m2 and 9.6 ± 3.7 kg, respectively. At 1 month, average maternal calorie intake was 1993 ± 417 kcal/day, which was lower than the intake recommended by Japanese Dietary Reference Intakes for breastfeeding mothers. There were no significant differences with regard to maternal calorie and protein intake, and breast milk macronutrient content between breastfed infants with weight above and below the 25th percentile of its distribution at both 1 and 3 months. This study suggests that suboptimal calorie intake by breastfeeding mothers and breast milk macronutrient content were not associated with weight of their infants at 1 and 3 months after delivery.
Highlights
In 2017, the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey in Japan showed that 21.7%of women in their 20s were underweight, defined as body mass index (BMI) < 18.5 kg/m2 [1].National campaign to promote maternal and child health in 21st-century Japan (Healthy Parents and Children 21) [2] has raised concerns regarding the nutritional status of women of reproductive age in Japan because the proportion of underweight in both junior high and high school girls in Japan has increased to 20% [3]
Given that maternal obesity has increased and attracted a great deal of attention in various. This is the first report to focus on maternal underweight, to investigate how maternal suboptimal nutrition affects breast milk content and infant weight for a short period of time after delivery. In this 3-month follow-up study after delivery, we found that maternal calorie and protein intakes fell below the recommended ranges proposed in the latest version of the 2015 Japanese Dietary
Our study demonstrated that suboptimal calorie intake of mothers does not affect human milk macronutrient content
Summary
In 2017, the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey in Japan showed that 21.7%of women in their 20s were underweight, defined as body mass index (BMI) < 18.5 kg/m2 [1].National campaign to promote maternal and child health in 21st-century Japan (Healthy Parents and Children 21) [2] has raised concerns regarding the nutritional status of women of reproductive age in Japan because the proportion of underweight in both junior high and high school girls in Japan has increased to 20% [3]. In 2017, the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey in Japan showed that 21.7%. Of women in their 20s were underweight, defined as body mass index (BMI) < 18.5 kg/m2 [1]. National campaign to promote maternal and child health in 21st-century Japan (Healthy Parents and Children 21) [2] has raised concerns regarding the nutritional status of women of reproductive age in Japan because the proportion of underweight in both junior high and high school girls in Japan has increased to 20% [3]. Previous publications suggested that children born to such underweight women had an increased risk of infant mortality [4,5]. A recent database study [6] with more than. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 3315; doi:10.3390/ijerph16183315 www.mdpi.com/journal/ijerph
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