Maternal Self-Efficacy In Stunting Prevention Among Toddlers: A Study In The Denpasar Primary Health Care Area (Study in the Denpasar Primary Health Care Work Area)

BackgroundLow maternal self-efficacy and high levels of anxiety, depression, and stress can be triggered in adolescent mothers due to an incomplete development process that makes them physically or psychologically unprepared for the responsibilities of motherhood and parenting. These factors may be linked to difficulties with their children’s social-emotional development. The present study aims to: (a) analyze the relationship between maternal self-efficacy and stress, depression, and anxiety levels in low-income adolescent mothers; (b) examine the relationship between maternal self-efficacy and well-being with children’s social-emotional development; and (c) describe the effects of maternal self-efficacy on children’s social-emotional development, mediated by maternal well-being.MethodsA sample of 79 dyads comprising low-income Chilean adolescent mothers aged from 15 to 21 years old (M = 19.1, SD = 1.66) and their children aged 10 to 24 months (M = 15.5, SD = 4.2) participated in this research. A set of psychometric scales was used to measure maternal self-efficacy (Parental Evaluation Scale, EEP), the mothers’ anxiety and depression (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, HADS), maternal stress (Parental Stress Scale, PSS), and the children’s social-emotional development (Ages and Stages Questionnaire Socio-emotional, ASQ-SE). Bivariate analyses and mediation models were employed to estimate and test the relevant relationships.ResultsA bivariate analysis showed that maternal self-efficacy was negatively related to the mother’s anxiety, depression, and stress. Moreover, there was a significant relationship between maternal self-efficacy and maternal stress, and children’s self-regulation and social-emotional development. Maternal self-efficacy, mediated by maternal anxiety, depression, and stress scores, had a significant effect on the development of children’s self-regulation.ConclusionsThe results confirm the importance of adolescent mothers’ emotional well-being and maternal self- efficacy with respect to their children’s social-emotional development. This makes it necessary to have detailed information about how emotional and self-perception status influences a mother’s role in the development of her children.

Nutritional status in children under five years is one of the important factors that determine the growth and development of children. Factors affecting the nutritional status of children are divided into two categories: direct and indirect factors. One of the direct factors is intake, and the indirect factor is maternal self-efficacy. Nutritional deficiency can be a concern in developing countries when children are young because it affects their cognitive development. Good self-efficacy in mothers can increase the quantity and quality of children's food intake so that nutritional needs can be met according to nutritional adequacy recommendations. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between maternal self-efficacy, nutrient intake, and nutritional status in children based on the height-for-age index (HAZ). The research design used was a cross-sectional approach. This study involved 148 children aged 2–5 years, and the child's data was asked of the child's guardian, in this case, the subject's mother. Data on the characteristics and self-efficacy forms of mothers were obtained using a questionnaire, while nutritional intake data were obtained using a 2x24-hour food recall. Data analysis in this study used Spearman's Rank for bivariate analysis and logistic regression for multivariate analysis. The results of the data analysis showed that there was a relationship between nutritional status (HAZ) and maternal self-efficacy with the intake of macronutrients and micronutrients, except for zinc. Variables that affect the height-for-age index are maternal self-efficacy and protein intake. The study concluded that there is a significant relationship between maternal self-efficacy and nutrient intake, and nutritional status based on the height-for-age index (HAZ).

Introduction: Low birth weight (LBW) babies have a higher risk of morbidity and mortality than normal babies, so this is a challenge for parents to provide special care. Mother's self-efficacy in providing care for LBW is an essential component in determining the quality of care of LBW. However, evidence is scarce on the correlation between the level of maternal knowledge and maternal self-efficacy in caring LBW, especially in Indonesia. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the correlation between maternal knowledge level and maternal self-efficacy level who had LBW babies. Methods: The research design was a descriptive analysis involving 22 respondents of postpartum mothers with LBW, willing to be involved in research and able to read and write and had LBW babies treated in the perinatology ward of a state teaching hospital in East Java in January-March 2020. Data were collected using maternal knowledge questionnaire and perceived maternal parenting self efficacy (PMP-SE) questionnaire. The descriptive and gamma correlation test were analyzed in this research. Results: Spearman’s rho correlation test showed a significant correlation between the level of knowledge and the mother's self-confidence (p = 0.043; r=0,435). Conculusion: : The level of knowledge determines the level of self-efficacy in caring LBW babies, where the higher the level of knowledge correlates with the higher maternal self-efficacy. Nurses need to understand mothers' self-efficacy with LBW babies because high self-efficacy can indicate that mothers can provide quality care for LBW babies

Carrying out the role of mother is not an easy thing. There are many challenges that often become obstacles in optimizing the mother's role. One of the important things that supports a mother's success when carrying out her role is maternal self-efficacy. Maternal self-efficacy is self-confidence in the mother's competence when caring for children. This research focuses on mothers who have children with autism. The aim of the research is to analyze maternal self-efficacy in mothers who have children with autism. The method used is phenomenology with Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA). The subjects in this study were two mothers who had children with autism. Data collection was carried out using structured interviews via telephone. The conclusion of this research is that both participants have good maternal self-efficacy in carrying out their role as mothers. Factors that influence maternal self-efficacy in caring for children with autism are; emotional state, appropriate parenting patterns, providing special teaching, providing protection and a sense of security, and the availability of quality time with children. Another factor that supports the optimization of maternal self-efficacy in caring for children with autism is external support for parenting from those closest to them.

This study aimed to (1) examine the relationships among postpartum depression, maternal self-efficacy, and maternal role competence, and to (2) test whether maternal self-efficacy mediates the relationship between postpartum depression and maternal role competence. Using a cross-sectional design, we conveniently sampled 343 postpartum mothers from 3 primary health care facilities in Eswatini. Data were collected using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, Maternal Self-Efficacy Questionnaire, and Perceived Competence Scale. Multiple linear regression models and structural equation modeling were performed in IBM SPSS and SPSS Amos to examine the studied associations and to test the mediation effect. The participants were aged 18 to 44 (mean, 26.4; SD, 5.86) years, and the majority were unemployed (67.1%), had an unintended pregnancy (61.2%), received education during antenatal classes (82.5%), and fulfilled the cultural norm of the maiden home visit (58%). Adjusting for covariates, postpartum depression was negatively associated with maternal self-efficacy (β = -.24, P < .001) and maternal role competence (β = -.18, P = .001), whereas maternal self-efficacy was positively associated with maternal role competence (β = .41, P < .001). In the path analysis, postpartum depression only related to maternal role competence indirectly through maternal self-efficacy (β = -.10, P = .003). High maternal self-efficacy was associated with high maternal role competence and fewer postpartum depression symptoms, suggesting that improving maternal self-efficacy may help reduce postpartum depression and may improve maternal role competence.

Objective: Breastfeeding can be challenging for new mothers. Women with high breastfeeding self-efficacy are more likely to breastfeed with confidence and are more likely to succeed in breastfeeding. The aim of this prospective longitudinal study was to test whether breastfeeding self-efficacy and breastfeeding experiences were related to trajectories of self-efficacy in the parenting domain during the transition to parenthood. Materials and Methods: A group of 1,091 primiparous women completed questionnaires at 32 weeks of gestation (maternal self-efficacy) and 3 months after giving birth (maternal self-efficacy, breastfeeding self-efficacy, and breastfeeding experiences). Only the women who started breastfeeding and completed questionnaires at both time points were included in the analyses (N = 817). Results: High breastfeeding self-efficacy significantly predicted increased maternal self-efficacy through the transition to parenthood. A successful breastfeeding experience fully explained this effect. Conclusion: The mediating effect of positive breastfeeding experiences on the relationship of breastfeeding self-efficacy and the change of maternal self-efficacy during the transition to parenthood implies breastfeeding to be an early target to enhance maternal self-efficacy. By pointing out breastfeeding as a genuine challenge during prenatal maternity courses, it might prepare mothers for one of their first experiences of parenthood. As a result, successful breastfeeding could be a steppingstone from positive prenatal expectations to growing confidence as a parent.

Denpasar City is one of the main destinations for migrants in Bali Province. This is because the development carried out tends to be centered in Denpasar City, which is reflected in the concentration of various activities that act as the center of government, economy, trade, education activities, health services, and tourism activities. The objectives of this study are to: 1) Analyze the influence of education level, number of family dependents in the area of ​​origin, allocation of working hours, on the amount of income of Karangasem migrant workers in Denpasar City. 2) Analyze the influence of education level, number of family dependents in the area of ​​origin, allocation of working hours, on the amount of remittances of Karangasem migrant workers in Denpasar City. 3) Analyze the indirect influence of education level, number of family dependents in the area of ​​origin, allocation of working hours on remittances through the income of Karangasem migrant workers in Denpasar City. The determination of the sample in this study used the Accidental Sampling technique. The type of data used is quantitative data with primary data sources. Data collection was carried out using observation methods, structured interviews and in-depth interviews. The data used were then analyzed using path analysis techniques. The results of the study found that 1) education level, number of family dependents, and allocation of working hours have a positive and significant effect on the income of Karangasem migrant workers in Denpasar City. 2) education level has a positive and insignificant effect on remittances of Karangasem migrant workers in Denpasar City, the number of family dependents in the area of ​​origin has a positive and significant effect on remittances of Karangasem migrant workers in Denpasar City, and allocation of working hours has a negative and significant effect on remittances of Karangasem migrant workers in Denpasar City. 3) Education level, number of family dependents in the area of ​​origin, allocation of working hours have an indirect and significant effect on remittances through the income of Karangasem migrant workers in Denpasar City.

Basically, every child will go through a growth and development process according to their age stages. To properly monitor children's growth and development, parents, health workers, educators, cadres and other staff who are interested in children's growth and development need to take their respective roles. Because the process of children's growth and development is almost the same, knowing the characteristics and principles of children's growth and development will make it easier for parents to provide growth and development stimulation in accordance with what is needed and expected by children to achieve optimal growth and development. One of the efforts to overcome this is by educating parents about stimulating growth and development using simple instruments. One of the tools/instruments used to determine whether a child's development is normal or whether there are deviations is by using the KIA book. This service activity aims to increase parents' knowledge and skills in monitoring children's growth, development and stimulation by utilizing the parenting activity community that already exists in Tegal City, namely the HEbAT Community. This activity takes the form of providing material on parenting concepts and improving skills in monitoring and stimulating children's development. The learning stages contain parenting concepts according to Nurturing Care recommended by WHO. At the practical stage, there will be practice assessing children's development through the KIA book. The monitoring results will show the child's developmental status and the type of stimulation needed. The service was carried out on May 30 2024 at the Pendopo, East Tegal District, Tegal City, which was attended by 32 mothers of toddlers and their children.

Breastfeeding is widely recognized as the optimal form of infant nutrition; however, exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) rates remain low worldwide. Psychological factors such as maternal self-efficacy and satisfaction play a key role in breastfeeding success. This randomized controlled trial evaluated whether a mixed-reality educational strategy could improve maternal self-efficacy and breastfeeding satisfaction. A total of 58 pregnant women in their third trimester were randomly assigned to receive either mixed reality plus traditional counseling or traditional counseling alone. Breastfeeding self-efficacy and satisfaction were measured one week postpartum using validated instruments. No statistically significant differences were found between the groups in self-efficacy (mean scores 63.3 vs. 63.1) or satisfaction (133.5 vs. 134.0). However, both groups demonstrated remarkably high rates of exclusive breastfeeding during the first week of life (93.1%), far exceeding the national and global average. Although the mixed-reality intervention did not yield superior outcomes within the short follow-up period, the findings highlight the potential benefits of structured prenatal education in enhancing breastfeeding practices. This low-cost immersive approach may be particularly relevant in middle- and low-income settings. Further research with a larger sample size and extended follow-up is required to assess the long-term impact and broader applicability of mixed reality in maternal health education.Clinical trial registration: https://ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT06800521; registered on 30/01/2025).

Based on the US Nurse-Family Partnership (NFP) program, the German home visiting program "Pro Kind" offered support for socially and financially disadvantaged first-time mothers from pregnancy until the children's second birthday. A multi-centered, longitudinal randomized controlled trial (RCT) was conducted to assess its effectiveness on mothers and children. A total of 755 women with multiple risk factors were recruited, 394 received regular home visits (treatment group), while 361 only had access to standard community services (control group). Program influences on family environment (e.g., quality of home, social support), maternal competencies (e.g., maternal self-efficacy, empathy, parenting style), and child development (e.g., cognitive and motor development) were assessed from mothers' program intake in pregnancy to children's second birthday based on self-reports in regular interviews and developmental tests. Generalized estimating equations (GEE) models showed small, but significant positive treatment effects on parental self-efficacy, and marginally significant effects on social support, and knowledge on child rearing. Maternal stress, self-efficacy, and feelings of attachment in the TG tend to show a more positive development over time. Subgroup effects were found for high-risk mothers in the TG, who reported more social support over time and, generally, had children with higher developmental scores compared to their CG counterparts. Post hoc analyses of implementation variables revealed the quality of the helping relationship as a significant indicator of treatment effects. Results are discussed in terms of implementation and public policy differences between NFP and Pro Kind.

Background: Appropriate maternal feeding behaviors are well known as a health promoting behavior for toddlers because it can support their health and development. According to Pender’sHealth Promotion Model (2006), self-efficacy can influence the health promoting behaviors. Maternal self-efficacy was the judgment of mothers who have toddlers about their capability to perform appropriate maternal feeding behaviors for their toddlers.Objective:This study was aimed to examine the relationship between maternal self-efficacy and maternal feeding behaviors for toddlers in Java Island, Indonesia.Methods: A descriptive correlational research design was undertaken in January to February 2015. One hundred and ten Indonesian mothers who have toddlers and lived in Java Island were obtained through multistage random sampling. The research instruments included Maternal Feeding Behaviors Questionnaire (MFBQ), Demographic Characteristic Questionnaire, andPerceived Maternal Feeding Behaviors Self-efficacy Questionnaire (FBSeQ). The bivariate correlation analysis was used to examine the relationship between maternal self-efficacy and maternal feeding behaviors.Results:It was found that there was significant positive relationship between maternal self-efficacy and maternal feeding behaviors at .01 levels. The maternal self-efficacy had moderate relationship with maternal feeding behaviors (r = .490, p ≤ .01).Conclusion:A nursing intervention to promote appropriate maternal feeding behaviors should deal with the maternal self-efficacy. Nurses should assist and motivate Indonesian mothers of toddlers for having adequateself-efficacy in order to perform better maternal feeding behaviors.Keyword: maternal feeding behaviors, maternal self-efficacy, toddler.

The nutritional status of toddlers is an indicator of health status in Indonesia. Good nutritional status can help children's growth and development process to achieve optimal maturity. Nutritional status can help to detect the risk of health problems early. The role of posyandu is very necessary in efforts to prevent nutritional disorders in toddlers, so it is necessary to measure and determine the nutritional status of babies and toddlers. This community service aims to carry out anthropometric measurements of babies and toddlers and provide counseling to mothers of babies and toddlers about their children's nutritional status. This service activity is anthropometric measurements, namely weighing, measuring height or body length and Lila. Activities to determine nutritional status using WHO Antro. The results of measuring the nutritional status of BMI/U toddlers show that the majority of toddlers are in the normal category, 51 toddlers (80.96%), the nutritional status of BB/U toddlers shows that the majority are in the good (normal) category, 54 toddlers (85.71%). ), the nutritional status of PB/U or TB/U toddlers shows that the majority of toddlers are in the good (normal) category, amounting to 53 toddlers (84.13%), the nutritional status of BB/PB or BB/TB toddlers shows that the majority of toddlers are in the category good (normal) for 52 toddlers (82.55%). It is necessary to explain the results of anthropometric measurements to mothers of toddlers so that mothers of toddlers understand the nutritional status of their children and need to carry out nutritional education to prevent nutritional problems in babies and toddlers.

IntroductionThe ideal nourishment for the first 12 months of a child’s life comes from breastfeeding its mother’s milk, and maternal self-efficacy is one factor which affects breastfeeding duration. Therefore, the present study aimed to compare the maternal breastfeeding self-efficacy during the first week and sixth-week postpartum.MethodsThis descriptive, analytical study was conducted on 767 women referring to the Family Health Research Center of Rasht in 2014. Mothers were selected through continuous sampling. For data collection, we used demographic questionnaires, and Dennis breastfeeding self-efficacy scale. For data analysis, Chi-square, Mann-Whitney U, Pearson’s correlation coefficient and multiple regression were performed using SPSS version 19.ResultsIn this study, most mothers had scores compatible with moderate self-efficacy in the first week, and in the sixth week had high self-efficacy for breastfeeding. There was a significant relationship between breastfeeding self-efficacy (BSE) score and employment status (p<0.0001). Also, we found significant BSE score differences between primiparous and multiparous women (p<0.001).ConclusionResults of the study indicate that breastfeeding duration increases the breastfeeding self-efficacy levels. So, Developing and implementing appropriate approaches are needed to improve breastfeeding duration in mothers.

Growth and development disorders are a problem that is often found in society, so it is very important that all components involved in children's growth and development, namely parents, teachers and the community, can work together in early monitoring. The determining factors for the quality of a child's growth and development are constitutional genetic-heredo potential (intrinsic) and the role of the environment (extrinsic). Child growth and development disorders occur when there are genetic factors and/or environmental factors that are unable to meet the child's basic growth and development needs. Factors that influence a child's growth and development are genetic factors, and are more influenced by environmental factors and the diseases experienced by the child. Appropriate detection and intervention can optimize the quality of the child's subsequent growth and development. Babies who experience delays in development will make the baby's parents feel anxious and worried, which will affect how parents meet their baby's needs, such as mothers who do not encourage their babies to talk and mothers who do not exercise their hands and feet regularly at certain times. So that the baby has difficulty walking and lacks language, the lack of stimulation given to the baby will worsen the baby's developmental delays (Hurlock, 2002).Based on a preliminary survey conducted at the BP Nauli Community Health Center on 10 mothers who had babies, there were 5 mothers who did not provide stimulation to their children when their children were not going through the crawling phase and did not know the effect on the child's development, so based on these problems the researchers wanted to conduct research with the title "The Effect of Assisted Crawling Stimulation on the Crawling Ability of Babies at the BP Nauli Community Health Center, Kec. Siantar Let's See Pematang Siantar City in 2023 .

Purpose: Family health is a system comprising routines or habitual practices. This study investigated the relationships between maternal self-efficacy (SE) and obesity, habitual smoking, breastfeeding, and children’s sleeping patterns. Methods: Participants (98 women) attending a weight loss clinic reported on themselves and their 172 biological children. Mothers provided demographic information for parents and children and completed the 20-item Family Nutrition and Physical Activity Scale (FNPA). Maternal SE was assessed with a 13-item Confidence Survey, which measures confidence to carry out activities related to healthy family meals and family activity. FNPA results have been reported in an earlier publication. Results: Normal-weight mothers had more favorable (higher) SE scores compared with overweight mothers. There were positive relationships between SE and the FNPA and children’s sleep patterns in younger children. There were no significant relationships between SE and children’s body mass index (BMI), breastfeeding patterns, or parental smoking habits. Higher SE was associated with FNPA constructs related to family and meal patterns, restriction/reward, screen time behavior and monitoring, family activity involvement and family routine. Children’s BMI was correlated with mother’s FNPA score. Breastfeeding was associated with only the family environment construct of FNPA and ethnicity. Conclusion: This study looked at relationships between SE and selected behaviors that have been associated with family health. Maternal SE has positive relationships with some healthy habits/family routines. More research is needed regarding the factors that influence SE in family systems for health promotion.