Masstige Consumption Propensity as Consumer Trait: ‘Scale Development’ and ‘Validation’

This essay underscores the imperative of cultivating creativity, innovation, and teamwork (CIT) skills in high school students. Employing multi-stage random sampling from August to October 2023, 350 high school technology teachers were asked their opinions concerning what constituted CIT skills in their students. Expert questionnaire validation ensured reliable results. Utilizing descriptive statistics and second-order confirmatory factor (CFA) analysis, the research reveals endorsement of these skills by technology teachers. The model, aligning with the empirical data, highlights innovation's crucial importance, followed by creativity, and teamwork. The research contributes significantly to the literature by providing empirical evidence from technology teachers, offering insights into their perceptions. These results further highlight the educational strategies needed for nurturing a holistic innovative skill set among high school students. The findings, valuable for educators, policymakers, and researchers, fill a gap in enhancing educational practices and curricula to equip students for the 21st-century challenges.

This study explored the relationships of senior high school EFL students' motivation, strategy use, and English achievement. The first two attempts of the study were to investigate how well the senior high school EFL students' motivation and strategy use can predict students' English achievement respectively. The third attempt was to explore the causal relationship among senior high school EFL students' motivation, strategy use, and English achievement.Totally 132 senior high EFL school boy students took part in the study. Two questionnaires-Motivation Questionnaire (Chen, 2008; Lai, 2008) and Strategy Inventory for Language Learning (SILL, version 7.0)-were used for data collecting.With SPSS for Windows Version 17.0, data analysis, including item analysis, exploratory factor analysis (EFA), reliability analysis, and validity analysis, was used. Furthermore, Structural equation modeling (SEM) was adopted through second-order confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) in LISREL 8.8 to confirm the causal relationships among senior high school EFL students' motivation, strategy use, and English achievement.The causal relationships between motivation and English achievement and between strategy use and English achievement were both proved. Motivation could account for 39% of the total variance toward English achievement while strategy use could account for 19% of the total variance toward English achievement. Intrinsic Motivation and Utilitarian Purpose took up the most variance toward English achievement, whereas Metacognitive Strategies was the only individual factor contributing to the total variance toward English achievement. The relationship among senior high school EFL students' motivation, strategy use, and English achievement was a full mediating model with a reciprocal relationship between strategy use and English achievement.

The increasing role of Artificial Intelligence (AI) applications in education necessitates the development of a valid and reliable measurement tool that can assess students’ attitudes towards AI-based scoring systems. The purpose of this study is to develop a scale that measures students’ attitudes towards AI-based scoring systems in education and to test the validity and reliability of this scale. In the study, a literature review was conducted and expert opinion was consulted to develop the scale items. The first form of the scale was administered to 416 participants. The construct validity of the scale was examined using exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and rotation procedures. As a result of these procedures, a structure consisting of 12 items and two main factors (AI-SAS positive attitude and AI-SAS negative attitude) was determined. In the next step, a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was carried out on the data obtained from 441 participants. The results showed that the scale has robust construct validity. To test concurrent validity, comparisons with the General Attitudes Towards Artificial Intelligence Scale (GAAIS) and the AI Anxiety Scale (AI Anxiety) revealed significant relationships between the AI-SAS and these scales. In addition, measurement invariance was tested to ensure that the scale would measure consistently across different demographic groups. The results showed that the AI-SAS scale has a similar factor structure in different groups according to demographic variables such as gender, type of school, use of artificial intelligence in daily life, and can therefore be used in different subgroups. In conclusion, this study provides a reliable and valid scale to measure students’ attitudes towards AI-based scoring systems in education. This scale can be used as a tool for evaluating the impact of using AI in educational practice.

There are many evidences that relate nutrition deficiency with increased risk of chronic diseases. A clear understanding and knowledge on the factors influencing dietary supplements consumption is therefore important. This knowledge could assist health professional in developing their marketing strategies. A model is developed and tested examining the relationships between attitude, social influence and perceived behavioural control and consumption of dietary supplements among Malaysian consumers. Mall intercept survey was carried out to acquire data from 316 consumers using structured questionnaires at 10 hypermarkets in Malaysia. Construct measures were based on existing previous research. Measurement reliabilities and validities were established using confirmatory factor analysis. Hypotheses were tested using Structural Equation Model and accepted method for testing mediation effect. From the 10 hypotheses developed, 7 were supported. It was discovered that consumption of dietary supplements is positively been influenced by consumer attitude towards dietary supplements, normative influence, informational influence and perceived behavioural control. On the other hand, attitude towards dietary supplements is positively been influenced by normative influence and perceived behavioural control. The relationship between perceived behavioural control and dietary consumption behaviour is mediated by consumer attitude towards dietary supplements. This research sets the ground for stakeholders in the healthcare and pharmaceutical sectors to improve their understanding of what drives dietary supplements consumption. Armed with this knowledge, marketers and health professionals could plan and execute their marketing strategies and health interventions more effectively. The theoretical implications and managerial implications of these findings are discussed.

Employees' Company Reputation-related Social Media Competence: Scale Development and Validation

PurposeThe tourism literature has focused only on destination branding; nonetheless, measuring the quality of a destination from the tourism point of view has been overlooked, especially in the context of the emerging markets. This paper aims to focus on developing a scale measuring the overall quality of the tourist destinations.Design/methodology/approachWith the help of extensive review of the literature, the study identified the key variables for measuring the quality of tourism destination in emerging markets. Thereafter, to determine the factor structure (purification stage) and assess the stability of the factor structure (validation stage), confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) has been conducted. A second-order CFA has been conducted to analyse the factor structure stability of the broad dimensions, namely, the quality of service, the quality of destination features and the quality of experience.FindingsThis research shows that the quality of tourism can be determined not only by the quality of destination features but also by the quality of service and the quality of experience one perceives from a destination. Together, these three dimensions and their various sub-dimensions form a valid scale to measure the overall quality of a tourist destination.Practical implicationsThis study provides marketing managers an idea of the dimensions that affect tourist destination quality. They can now align the dimensions measuring destination quality with the destinations that they are marketing to tourists. This can add to the competitive advantage of any place brand.Originality/valueThis study has developed three distinct measurement scales for quality of experience, quality of destination feature and quality of services and validated the same with adequate data following appropriate scale development procedure. Through empirical research, the authors have integrated these three dimensions as the constructs for measuring the overall quality of tourist destinations. Hence, as a pioneering attempt, the authors have developed a scale to measure the quality of tourist destinations.

Purpose of the paper: The current study attempts to provide a new lovemarks scale that predicts consumers ’ behavioral outcomes. This scale also bridges over some of the inconsistencies of the measurement of “brand love” that also measure “brand respect”. Methodology : In order to test the Lovemarks scale, 3 studies were conducted. Study 1 applied Exploratory Factor Analysis using Principal Component exploratory factor analysis. Study 2 used second-order confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) with a maximum likelihood fitting function of the two-component solution. Study 3 measured the nomological validity of the assessed Lovemarks scale by testing its relations with four other relevant scales. Results : Using EFA and CFA, the reliability and validity of the scale were divided into four different product categories: dairy companies, cellular network providers, banks, and fashion retail chains. The scale does have strong positive correlations with attitude, preference, price premium and recommendation. Research limitations : The main limitation of the current research is that Study 2 used CFA testing only for second-order factors and not third-order factors, which would have also enabled the testing of the antecedents of the scale ’ s items (such as intimacy or trust). Practical implications : This scale helps to predict consumer behavior and set an effective marketing strategy for the brand. It thus gives directions for product adjustments and establishes effective advertising, marketing communication strategies and brand pricing strategy. Originality of the paper : The current study is testing a new Lovemarks scale on the basis of four different product categories: dairy companies, cellular network providers, banks, and fashion retail chains.

This paper examines factors that may hinder micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) in accessing financing from banking services in the area of Madiun Raya. Among barrier access to finance factors is complicated eligibility, low accessibilities and religious factors. However, this study further highlights three factors of barrier access to finance by using Second-order Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) to validate these factors. In achieving the objectives, a quantitative approach was applied in this study. This study uses primary data collected through a questionnaire involving 146 selected respondents who have micro businesses around the Madiun Raya area which includes Magetan, Ngawi, Ponorgo, Madiun and Madiun Kota. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) in this case, second-order CFA is used as an analysis technique. The study revealed that second order CFA validates three variables which include religious factors, low accessibility and low eligibility are in the best fit indices as factor of access barrier to finance to financial services around Madiun raya area. With the results of this study, it allows academics and researchers to find out the factors that can prevent micro businesses in accessing finance in the context of Indonesian banking institutions.

transfer, create conditions for the establishment of farmers' behavioral psychological contracts in the process of agricultural land transfers, and guide farmers to establish relationship psychological contracts. The second is to improve the market system, properly cultivate and develop agricultural land transfer intermediaries, reduce transaction costs, and reduce the probability of farmers' psychological contracts being broken. The third is to guide farmers to establish a positive agricultural land transfer psychology based on their resource endowments such as labor force quality and cultural quality, and encourage farmers to make agricultural land transfer decisions such as subcontracting, leasing, reselling, and interchanging.

Dimensions of general market demand associated with professional team sports: Development of a scale

The chapter demonstrates an application of structural equation modelling (SEM) with latent variables in tourism research, and the associated statistics are described. First, we discuss the basic concepts of SEM, followed by an explanation of the key statistics and terms associated with this procedure. Then we describe the procedure for conducting SEM, including second-order confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Finally, we describe the related technique of SEM analysis. In doing so, the chapter provides an application of structural equation modelling with latent variables, of which latent variables are hypothetical constructs that are invoked to explain observed covariation in behavior. The study aims to identify critical factors of consumer acceptance of medical tourism in Asia. The study employs factor analysis (i.e., exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, and internal consistency reliability tests) and structural equation modelling analysis and path analysis (i.e., the analysis of moment structures and regression analysis) using the survey data collected from a sample of 486 international tourists who visited South Korea in 2014.

Assessments for quality of life (QOL) of the adolescent have received relatively little attention in the literature. Although there is no consensus on the definition of adolescent QOL and what aspects should be measured, it is generally accepted that QOL is a multidimensional construct. The objective of this study is to determine the measurement properties of the latent factors underlying adolescent QOL based on a second-order confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). A recursive structural equation model (SEM) is then proposed to determine the direction and magnitude of the interdependent effects among the latent factors. The questionnaire used was the Quality of Life Profile-Adolescent Version (QOLPAV). A sample of 363 adolescents was recruited from 20 secondary schools in Perth, Australia. The second-order CFA suggested that adolescent QOL may be measured by five underlying constructs namely social, environment, psychological, health, and opportunities for growth. The interdependent relations among these constructs identified the environment factor as primary, exerting both direct and indirect effects on the other four factors.

Development and evaluation of the health belief model scale for exercise

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the dynamic process and the meaning of symbolic consumption according to the three symbolic needs (i.e. status needs, social needs, status and social needs) to understand how symbolic messages are conveyed when consumers choose a brand. Design/methodology/approach This paper develops three dynamic models, categorized according to the consumers’ needs. The conceptual framework consists of the six constructs: collectivism/individualism, brand reputation, self-congruence, brand affect, brand identification and brand loyalty. Twelve hypotheses were developed and tested. Data were collected from consumers who had experienced well-known global chain restaurant brands. The three models were tested using confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modelling. Findings Findings highlight the important mediating role of brand affect in symbolic consumption, which previously has not been revealed empirically. Moreover, it is found that self-congruence does not mediate the relationship between brand reputation, collectivism/individualism and brand affect, despite its prominence in previous symbolic consumption studies. In the status and social needs models, brand reputation mediates between collectivism/individualism and self-congruence, brand identification, brand affect and brand loyalty. Originality/value This is the first empirical paper to investigate symbolic consumption in the context of three types of models, according to symbolic needs, in the context of restaurant consumption. The study also identifies the major components of the consumer’s symbolic needs based on the attributes of symbolic consumption. Moreover, this study reveals that when both social needs and status needs are mixed, a hierarchy exists between consumers’ symbolic needs. Finally, the study makes an important contribution to the literature by applying the concept of brand affect to symbolic consumption research and exploring the relationships between the external motivational factors and the internal elements of symbolic consumption.

The aim of this study was to analyze innovation acceptance in condominiums using structural equation modeling (SEM) based on latent variables derived from a second-order confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The authors focused on four groups of latent variables, namely, the characteristics of innovation adopters (CHARACTER), desired innovation categories (CATEGORY), trust in developers (TRUST), and innovation adoption (ADOPTION), collected from an intensive literature review. Data were gathered from 400 residents of high-rise condominiums across twenty-one central districts of Bangkok via purposive sampling. The analysis revealed that only the desired innovation categories had a direct effect on innovation adoption. In contrast, the characteristics of buyers and trust in developers did not have direct effects on innovation adoption but exerted indirect effects through the desired innovation categories. The findings illustrate how SEM can be applied to study the adoption of innovation by real estate buyers. In practical applications, project developers and designers should study which innovations are desired by buyers. This involves considering the buyers’ characteristics and level of trust in the developers. Such an analysis would enable them to design projects that maximize their responsiveness to buyers’ needs and would not impose excessive cost burdens as well as enhancing income opportunities and achieving sustainable competitive advantages.