Maritime Transport Resilience – Charted Seas or Unknown Territory?

This article presents a thorough literature review on the use of technology in artificial intelligence technology within the maritime industry. The aim is to analyse existing research and identify crucial themes, theoretical frameworks, methodologies, and areas of research gaps in this field. Specific keywords related to artificial intelligence and the maritime industry were used to search the Web of Science (WoS) and Scopus databases. A list of the 34 most frequently cited articles was compiled and analysed using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines to ensure a systematic and rigorous approach to selecting relevant manuscripts. The analysis revealed three key themes: (1) Role of Artificial Intelligence technology in the maritime industry, (2) challenges in adapting Artificial Intelligence technology in the maritime industry and (3) digitalisation and smart shipyards. Additionally, navigational safety and environmental impact were identified as important considerations in this field. Integrating artificial intelligence into maritime organisations able to develop immersive and impactful syllabus that simulate advanced technology. This allows maritime practitioners to develop related skills and better understand advanced technology. Furthermore, this integration fosters growth and success in the maritime industry, preparing for future development.

Socio-economic impacts of maritime GHG emission control measures on sustainable development in SIDS: Insights from a systematic literature review.

Sweetness and Power - Public Policies and the ‘Biofuels Frenzy’

The maritime industry and port sector are catalysts of economic growth and development of countries. However, they can generate significant environmental and social impacts on marine ecosystems and neighbouring communities. The sustainable development goals (SDGs) proposed by the United Nations (UN) make up the 2030 Agenda and suggest a global sustainable development that needs the collaboration of various stakeholders. In this context, the article aims to identify the SDGs most evidenced in the maritime industry and port sector from a systematic literature review using the tools EndNote, IRaMuTeQ and VOSviewer. The results pointed to SDG 9 Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure, 13 Action against Climate Change and 14 Life on the Water as the most addressed by the studies, highlighting the guidance of the maritime industry and the port sector in contributing to sustainable development based on concern for the marine environment and climate change. It was observed that the studies identified the relevance of contributing to the SDGs. On the other hand, the practical applications were not properly described, thus making it difficult to understand the priority actions for an effective contribution to the SDGs.

Serious disruptions and exceptional circumstances for society, that the society tries to prepare for and act in them are at the center of security of supply. Current examples are the COVID pandemic and the ongoing energy crisis for which Finland's security of supply has also been strongly highlighted. Disturbances can also be caused by weather phenomena: in Finland, such examples are windstorms, severe thunderstorms, floods, and droughts, which can, at least in principle, paralyze the society. It is possible to prepare for the impacts of weather phenomena, but the ongoing rapid climate change makes it more complicated. Some of the weather phenomena that cause impacts are fast and violent (e.g. intense thunderstorms) and some occur more slowly (e.g. long heat waves), and climate change affects the phenomena in different ways. In this work, the estimated impacts of climate change on Finland's security of supply were investigated. The starting point was to gain an understanding of which weather phenomena and weather situations are central to security of supply and which sectors of security of supply are the most vulnerable. The work constituted of workshops and expert interviews organized with the National Emergency Supply Agency. In addition to the interviews, the work covered past significant weather situations in Finland that are known to have had significant societal impacts. Information was also extracted from recent literature, especially regarding the vulnerabilities and adaptability of different sectors in Finland. Estimates of the climate change impacts on the identified phenomena were combined with the collected information, resulting in a first understanding of how climate change affects Finland's security of supply. Based on the results, it can be concluded that the impacts of climate change on security of supply are quite complex, especially due to the wide spectrum of weather phenomena and their different impact mechanisms. In addition, the matter becomes more complicated by the fact that there is no clear distinction of what weather phenomenon actually is critical to security of supply and what is not. For example, could the increasing adverse impacts on health care due to the increasingly common heat conditions reach a serious societal disturbance situation at some point, if it is not sufficiently prepared in advance? Another key result is that in terms of security of supply, the direct effects of climate change are very small in Finland compared to many other countries. Although the climate in Finland has already changed considerably and will continue to change in the future, the biggest impacts to security of supply seem to be reflected from elsewhere: the experts of the National Emergency Supply Agency consider the worst situation to be a lack of food, water and habitable living environment in the world, which would also be reflected to Finland. Among the sectors, food/water and energy supply and logistics are perceived as the most vulnerable. The work mainly focused on the direct effects of climate change, i.e. the effects of climate change on the occurrence of various weather phenomena. However, the work also considers to some extent indirect effects, i.e. those reflected from other parts of the world, and transitional effects that result from climate change mitigation measures, especially from the rapid energy transition.

The transition to green shipping is a critical challenge for the maritime sector, requiring a shift in both technological adoption and workforce preparedness. This research examines the readiness of seafarers for this transition, focusing on the alignment between maritime vocational education and industry needs. The analysis addresses the gap between theoretical knowledge and practical application in green shipping technologies. The research aims to answer key questions regarding the integration of sustainability into maritime education, seafarer readiness, and the alignment of training with industry requirements. A qualitative methodology combining Systematic Literature Review (SLR) and interviews with 10 maritime professionals, educators, and graduates was used to gather insights. The SLR provided a theoretical framework for understanding the green shipping transition, while the interviews revealed practical barriers to implementing sustainable practices in training programs. The findings show a clear misalignment between current educational practices and industry demands, with a need for hands-on training and stronger collaboration between academia and industry. The research emphasizes the importance of integrating green shipping technologies into curricula and fostering a culture of sustainability in the maritime sector. This study contributes valuable insights into the preparation of seafarers for a sustainable future in the maritime industry, offering practical recommendations for improving education and industry collaboration.

Climate change is transforming our planet, leading to more frequent extreme weather events, increasing sea levels, and endangering biodiversity. Climate change has a significant impact on the production of cotton. Prior studies on climate change usually focused on specific areas, but this research aimed to fill this gap by examining 1,194 documents using bibliometric analysis and 91 documents by TCCM (Theory–Context–Characteristics–Methods) framework from the Scopus database using a systematic literature review. VOS viewer was employed for conducting bibliometric analysis. The research trend revealed a continuous rise in studies on climate change, with Zhang being the most collaborative author and the United States holding the leading position in terms of collaboration, partnering with authors from 31 other countries. ‘Climate change’ and ‘Bacillus thuringiensis’ were the hot topics during 2000–2004. There was a paradigm shift on the research topics on irrigation, irrigation systems, water management, water-use efficiency, water supply, evapotranspiration, and climate models during the recent years. Furthermore, the TCCM framework facilitated a coherent synthesis of current knowledge while also formulating extensive recommendations for future research on the impact of climate change on cotton production. Building on previous research, this study highlights the primary impacts of climate change on cotton farming.

Purpose: The research aims to analyze the situation of women in maritime industry in Poland over the years, focusing on employment trends and the participation of women in maritime- related academic programs. Additionally, the research will explore the challenges women face and propose potential solutions to overcome these barriers to improve gender equality. Design/methodology/approach: To achieve the study's objectives, bibliometric analysis and systematic literature review were conducted to examine previous research on gender inequality in the maritime industry. Additionally, a statistical analysis was performed to identify the share of women in the maritime industry and in maritime-related academic programs in Poland. Findings: The study reveals an increasing trend in the participation of women in Poland's maritime industry, both in education and employment. The paper provides insights into the challenges and strategies for achieving gender equality in the maritime industry. The obstacles women face in the male dominated industry should be addressed not only at the governmental level but also at the organizational level, with required engagement of both authorities and business leaders. Research limitations/implications: The conducted analysis is restricted only to female employment in one country within a specified industry. A comparative study of women’s position in male-dominated industry across different European countries would allow for an expanded context of gender inequality, especially its roots, efforts to combat gender stereotypes, and changes in corporate culture. Practical implications: Practical steps include implementing comprehensive gender equity policies, enhancing educational programs to include gender sensitivity, and creating mentoring and networking opportunities for women. By adopting best practices from other countries and focusing on both governmental and organizational levels, a more inclusive and equitable workplace can be created. Originality/value: This paper offers new insights into the trends and challenges faced by women in this male-dominated sector. Additionally, this study contributes to the broader literature on achieving gender equality and diversity in workplaces by compiling practical initiatives undertaken not only in the maritime industry but also in other male-dominated industries. Keywords: gender inequality, gender stereotypes, male-dominated industry, maritime industry. Category of the paper: Research paper, Literature review.

Contents: PART I: INTRODUCTION 1. The Concept of Energy Security: Broadening, Deepening, Transforming Hugh Dyer and Maria Julia Trombetta PART II: ENERGY SECURITY ISSUES 2. Energy Security and Liberal Democracy: Ideals, Imperatives and Balancing Acts Steve Wood 3. Framing New Threats: The Internal Security of Gas and Electricity Networks in the European Union Ivan L.G. Pearson, Carlo Brancucci Martinez-Anido and Peter Zeniewski 4. Resource Conflicts: Energy Worth Fighting For? Joshua Olaniyi Alabi 5. Global Energy Supply: Scale, Perception and the Return to Geopolitics Susanne Peters and Kirsten Westphal PART III: SECURITY OF ENERGY SUPPLY 6. Securing Energy Supply: Strategic Reserves Elspeth Thomson and Augustin Boey 7. Securing Energy Supply II: Diversification of Energy Sources and Carriers Kas Hemmes 8. Measuring Energy Security: Security of Energy Supply Indexes Aleh Cherp and Jessica Jewell 9. National Energy Strategies of Major Industrialized Countries Stephan Schott and Graham Campbell 10. Developing World: National Energy Strategies Sylvia Gaylord and Kathleen Hancock PART IV: SECURITY OF ENERGY DEMAND 11. Energy Demand - Security for Suppliers? Tatiana Romanova 12. Oil Producers' Perspectives on Energy Security Gawdat Bahgat 13. Energy Security Governance in Light of the Energy Charter Process Andrei V. Belyi PART V: ENERGY, THE ENVIRONMENT AND SECURITY 14. Governance Dimensions of Climate and Energy Security John Vogler and Hannes R. Stephan 15. Energy, Climate Change and Conflict: Securitization of Migration, Mitigation and Geoengineering Jurgen Scheffran 16. Environmental Implications of Energy Production Natalia Caldes, Yolanda Lechon and Pedro Linares 17. Washing Away Energy Security: The Vulnerability of Energy Infrastructure to Environmental Change Cleo Paskal 18. Paradoxes and Harmony in the Energy-Climate Governance Nexus Stephane La Branche PART VI: ENERGY AND HUMAN SECURITY 19. Energy Poverty: Access, Health and Welfare Subhes C. Bhattacharyya 20. Ethical Dimensions of Renewable Energy Hugh Dyer 21. Low Carbon Development and Energy Security in Africa Chukwumerije Okereke and Tariya Yusuf 22. The Road not Taken, Round II: Centralized vs. Distributed Energy Strategies and Human Security Ronnie D. Lipschutz and Dustin Mulvaney 23. Human Security and Energy Security: A Sustainable Energy System as a Public Good Sylvia I. Karlsson-Vinkhuyzen and Nigel Jollands PART VII: CONCLUSIONS 24. The Political-Economy of Energy Security Hugh Dyer and Maria Julia Trombetta

As ecological damage and climate change become more pressing issues, the shipping industry faces mounting pressure to mitigate its ecological footprint. The emergence of green port initiatives in maritime logistics and transportation reflects a commitment to fostering sustainable practices and minimizing the environmental impact of port operations. A crucial approach to attaining this objective involves the implementation of renewable energy technologies (RETs). This article provides an overview of the potential, obstacles, and economic analysis associated with the application of RETs in green ports. It highlights systems that necessitate aquatic environments for their operation, such as floating solar panels, offshore wind farms, and ocean energy. The study examines the idea of green ports and assesses the practicality of incorporating RETs into these facilities. The future prospects of the various RETs are discussed with a focus on their technical and economic aspects, as well as their installed capacity. Furthermore, the significant adaptability of electrical systems and their alignment with maritime transport has led to discussions regarding the implementation of fuel cells in green ports as a viable option for providing power to ports, whether as a primary or backup energy source. The results of this study indicate that RETs can play a crucial role in advancing sustainable objectives within the maritime sector, facilitating the development of more effective and eco-friendly ports.

Maritime transport resilience: A systematic literature review on the current state of the art, research agenda and future research directions

Rising concern by many around the world about global warming has brought with it attempts to broaden the definition of energy security and use security/energy security arguments as yet another tool to advance economic policies aimed at curbing greenhouse gas emissions. The terms climate change and security/energy security are being increasingly tied together and discussed in similar contexts, creating the impression that there is a direct and inextricable link between the two. Furthermore, this alleged linkage suggests that climate policy and energy security share a common solution: moving to a low carbon economy. This linkage has become an article of faith among government officials, pundits, and academics creating fertile ground for a new school of thought within the energy security community, one which promotes a broader definition of energy security. Those who view climate change as a global security threat of equal urgency to the current energy security challenge demand that the potential national security consequences of climate change be fully integrated into national security and energy security strategies, and that energy security solutions should only be applied if they also address climate change concerns. As we will argue in this chapter, the link between climate security and energy security is moretenuous than one may think. Energy security and greenhouse gas reduction have many complementarities, but there are alsomany trade-offs between them, and contrary to popular belief, it is not self-evident that climate change will necessarily lead to energy insecurity, or vice versa. It is also incorrect to contend that we may be able to achieve both reduction in greenhouse gas emissions and improvement in energy security with one strike. In fact, too much emphasis on one could compromise the other. The first section of this chapter attempts to encompass what energy security is, making the case thatwhile consumers, producers, and transit states might have a different outlook on energy security, they all conform to the purist definition of energy security, the one that emphasizes availability and affordability of fossil fuels, which are currently the primary sources of energy used throughout the world. The second section is about what energy security is not. We argue that factoring climate change into the energy security debate is based on flawed logic, selective information, and weak conjunctions. We will show that those who try to make the linkage between energy security and climate change deliberately highlight the potential negative impact of climate change on energy security while failing to account for the potential positive impact. They also ignore the negative impact climate policy might have on energy security in some parts of the world. Worst of all, they repeatedly and manipulatively masquerade climate change solutions as energy security ones.

Academic and practical professional discourse regarding the future of the maritime industry frequently refers to “sustainable development” and “sustainability,” both of which exhibit a complex interrelation of economic, environmental, and social aspects. However, while significant work has been done to understand the environmental and economic dimensions, there is little clarity or consensus regarding the social aspects of sustainability, especially in specific contexts. For example, the definition of social sustainability in the maritime industry, as well as the associated elements and targets, remain unclear. Although both researchers and practitioners have explored social sustainability from various perspectives in maritime literature, there is a notable lack of consistency in its analytical approaches and frameworks. Using a systematic literature review, this article examines the current understanding of social sustainability in the maritime industry. We contend that a better definition of the construct of social sustainability will enhance policy- and decision-making in the maritime industry with respect to sustainable development.

Understanding the complicated relationship between energy, climate and security is vital both to the study of international relations and to ensure the continued survival of a world increasingly threatened by environmental change. Climate change is largely caused by burning fossil fuels for energy, but while discussions on the climate consider the role of energy, energy security debates largely overlook climate concerns. This article traces the separation between energy and climate through an analysis of US energy security discourse and policy. It shows that energy security is continually constructed as national security, which enables very particular policy choices and prioritises it above climate concerns. Thus, in many cases, policies undertaken in the name of energy security contribute directly to climate insecurity. The article argues that the failure to consider securing the climate as inherently linked to energy security is not just problematic, but, given global warming, potentially harmful. Consequently, any approach to dealing with climate change has to begin by rethinking energy security and security more broadly, as national (energy) security politics no longer provides security in any meaningful sense.

Introduction. Energy, security, and climate change are essential concerns for policymakers and economic agendas, prioritising data monitoring, national resources, resilience, and informed planning. The analysis of these topics is relevant for achieving sustainability objectives and targets, especially for understanding and analysing societal, technological, environmental, and economic developments, aiming to guarantee a fair and inclusive transition. Aim and tasks. This study presents a legal and policy nexus linking energy transition, security, and climate change by completing a complex analytical and conceptual analysis of key terms and policies developed from 1985 to 2022. Furthermore, it reviews the evolution of climate change, security, and energy transition concepts and analyses European and international policy and judicial options to reach a consensus on addressing climate change. Results. The findings are intended to provide insights into the nexus of energy-security-climate change by reflecting the terminology and associated concepts in digitalised academic literature from 1985 to 2022 using the Google Ngram Viewer platform. The modelling analysis displayed various interrelated graphical representations that support future green energy and climate change policy settings, linking Ngram monitoring, result analysis, and data interpretation. The cross-sectional analysis examines the dynamic conceptual processes of specific terms and emerging research streams on security and climate change over four decades. The findings show linkages between climate change, sustainability, renewable energy, energy security and new conceptual associations that influence diverse academic research. Pearson correlation for statistical analysis results showed strong dependencies between variables, consistent with the values represented using the Google Ngram Viewer platform. Conclusions. This study provides an overview of the circulation of concepts in the energy and climate change sectors within digitalised academic literature, mapping emergent conceptual trends over the selected period. The visualisation of the modelling analysis correlates with the temporal frequencies, as classified by the research sections. It organises data using graphical representations of energy resources and climate change concerning sustainable development and security.