Marine Invertebrate Inventory at Ai Limung Beach, Teluk Saleh, Sumbawa, West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia

Seagrass beds are crucial for marine ecosystems, providing habitats and food sources for diverse species while naturally protecting coastlines from erosion. These ecosystems play a pivotal role in stabilizing sediments, filtering pollutants, and acting as carbon sinks, which helps mitigate the effects of climate change. Their significance extends to supporting ecotourism and providing essential services to coastal communities, thereby promoting environmental conservation awareness. Saleh Bay, designated as a marine nature reserve, exhibits rich marine biodiversity across its five distinct zones: core, utilization, sustainable fisheries, non-conservation, and other zones. This study aimed a comprehensive understanding of the pivotal role played by seagrass beds in Saleh Bay's integrated ecosystem in West Nusa Tenggara. The density and percentage cover were count from three linear transects and placed perpendicularly to the coastline. Correspondence Analysis (CA) was applied to represents which species most strongly associated with specific zones. Meanwhile, Cluster Analysis was used to grouping specific zones based on the ecological characteristics. A total of eight seagrass species were identified, which dominated by Enhalus acoroides (42.15%) and closely related to Sustainable Fisheries and Utilization zones. Furthermore, the Cluster Analysis indicates that the Utilization and Sustainable Fisheries zones exhibit the highest degree of similarity (90%) based on their density characteristics. This research underscores the broader understanding of seagrass ecosystems. The high similarity between the Utilization and Sustainable Fisheries zones suggests that these areas play complementary roles in supporting the health of seagrass ecosystems. Management plans should integrate these findings to optimize resource use while ensuring ecological sustainability.

The objectives of the study were to analyze the use of Domestic Resources Cost based on the most prevalent typology of Bali cattle farm and to analyze the economic efficiency based on the typology of Bali cattle farm in Plampang Sub-district Sumbawa Regency, West Nusa Tenggara (NTB). The study was carried out in Plampang Sub-district, Sumbawa Regency in 2017, with 53 respondents selected randomly and the key respondents were head of farms UPT, extension workers, inter-island traders, agricultural equipment traders, as well as agricultural materials and medicines traders. The respondents were acquired by applying systematic random sampling based on the farm typology with survey method and analyzed by the analysis of Domestic Resource Cost and analysis of Policy Analysis Matrix. There were three most prevalent farm typologies of Bali cattle production system used by the farmers in Plampang Sub-district, Sumbawa Regency, West Nusa Tenggara. The most prevalent production systems were: a typology of 6 months grazed (June-November) and 6 months confined (December-May) which was called with an acronym as 66 typology, typology of tethered throughout the year called as tethered typology, and typology of confined throughout the years called as confined typology. Bali cattle comparative advantage based on the farm typology as shown by Domestic Resource Cost Ratio (DRCR) values were 0.28 in 66 typology, 0.48 in tethered typology, and 0.31 in confined typology. It means that to save Rp. 100 is required the domestic factor cost Rp. 28 of 66 typology; Rp. 48 of tethered typology, and Rp. 31 of confined typology. Thus, it can be concluded that if domestic beef from Bali cattle is produced domestically, it will save the foreign exchange as much as 72% of 66 typology; 54% of tethered typology; and 69% of confined typology based on the import costs that must be spent. The competitive advantage is shown by the PCR values of 0.32 in 66 typology, 0.46 in tethered typology, and 0.35 in confined typology.

Grouper are demersal fishes that can be found in tropical and subtropical waters. In Indonesia, one of the areas where grouper production takes place in Saleh Bay, a semi-enclosed water with small islands, coral reefs and a high diversity. Information’s about the population and abundance of grouper species in Saleh Bay are currently limited. The benefits of this research are to enhance the availability of information on grouper diversity and the area as grouper fishing ground for future improvement on grouper fisheries management in Saleh Bay. Therefore, the study aimed to analyse the diversity, equitability, species richness and dominance index of different grouper species and the grouper fishing ground in this area. The data were obtained from field observations and fish landing data. Grouper caught have been calculated for each fishing gear based on the following parameters: diversity index (Shannon-Wiener), species richness, equitability, and dominance index. The results showed that grouper fishing grounds are spread over Saleh Bay. Fishers caught grouper around small islands with coral reefs. The diversity of grouper for each fishing gear ranged in a moderate category. We found that the bottom longline caught the highest species richness of grouper compare to other fishing gears. The dominance index showed no dominance using each examined fishing gear, or it can be said that grouper species are evenly caught with each fishing gear based on the calculation of the equitability index.

The research objectives were: (1) to analyze the cost of domestic resources for Bali cattle according to the business typology and (2) to analyze the efficiency of the Bali cattle business according to the business typology. The research location was the central area of the Moyo Watershed, Sumbawa Regency, with 50 random respondents and key figures: village heads, heads of livestock groups, intermediary traders, inter-island wholesalers, traders of agricultural tools, materials and medicines as well as the livestock and animal health services of Sumbawa Regency. Methods of taking respondents randomly based on business typology with survey methods and analyzed by (1) domestic resource cost analysis (BSD) and (2) Policy Analysis Matrix (PAM) analysis. From the results of the study, information was obtained that bali cattle breeders in the central area of the Moyo Watershed, Sumbawa Regency, West Nusa Tenggara used 3 (three) business typologies, namely: (1) breeding business typology, (2) savings business typology and (3) combination business typology (1+2). Comparative competitiveness of Bali cattle according to business typology as shown by the respective DRCR values, namely breeding typology 0.54; savings typology 0.49 and combination typology 0.32. The competitive competitiveness shown by the PCR value is the breeding typology of 0.49; savings typology 0.59 and combination typology 0.35.

Saleh Bay is a semi-enclosed area of water in Nusa Tenggara Barat Province that is enriched by fisheries resources. The bay’s strategic position, surrounded by several small islands, makes it an area of fertile water. An area of water is considered a potentially ideal fishing ground if it contains several oceanographic phenomena, including thermal fronts and upwelling. Fishing activities in Saleh Bay have been found to be ineffective and inefficient due to local people’s continued use of traditional methods such as fishing by signs of nature (instincts), wind direction, astrological signs and previous experience. This study aimed to create a mapping model of the fishing grounds in Saleh Bay based on remote sensing satellite data. Spatial analysis of daily level 3 images from the Suomi-National Polar-Orbiting Partnership (SNPP) was conducted throughout January and August 2019. The image acquisition period was adapted based on the seasonal system of Indonesia. The study area was determined based on thermal front events as identified by sea surface temperature (SST) data analysed using statistical regression with a Non-Linear Multi-Channel SST (NLSST) approach. An ideal fishing ground is characterised by several oceanographic settings such as upwelling and thermal front occurrence. The average SST distribution in January 2019 was relatively high, ranging from 30.39 to 33.70 oC, while in August 2019, the temperature declined significantly, ranging from 25.09 to 29.30 oC. Concerning the fishing ground model, a plethora of potential fishing ground areas were identified in August compared to January 2019, at 144 and 42 points respectively. This reflected the density of the fishing grounds observed. The fishing grounds were most likely to be concentrated in the bay mouth during the southwest monsoon and within the bay near the plateau during the northeast monsoon. The seasonal variability of Saleh Bay played a significant role in the spatial extraction of the fishing ground data.

Saleh Bay is one of the locations where whale sharks (Rhincodon typus) occurrence observed in Indonesia and can be found all year round. Whale sharks broadly distributed throughout tropical and sub-tropical waters of the world’s oceans. Immature male is less than 7 m long, while female is less than 10 m, mostly tend to coastal habitat related. Result of research by Conservation International presented at International Whale Shark Conference in Australia in 2019, Whale Sharks in Saleh Bay had home movement patterns. This study aims to prove that Saleh Bay is the residential area of the whale shark. This study was conducted from November 2019 to January 2020. The Photo-ID data obtained were compared with CI’s Saleh Bay Whale Shark ID Catalog data which last update on April 2020. Surface temperature was measured directly in the range of 29-320C, data for chlorophyll-a were taken from marine.copernicus.eu and bathymetry from cmap.ihms.us then interpolated using QGIS 3.10 software. From this study period, 24 Photo-IDs were obtained from 39 whale sharks, which identified as 23 males, 1 female, and 6 were new individuals from June 2019 to April 2020. The size of the whale sharks recorded in this study ranged from 2,5 to 7 m with 4,86 m in average, and considered as juveniles.

Indonesia is an archipelagic country with numbers of natural resources including bays. As a closed estuary, bay has a strategic role as one of the ecological resources and environmental services. Saleh Bay is an outstanding bay of West Nusa Tenggara province which is situated between Sumbawa regency and Dompu regency. The study aimed to explain the criteria for the determination of a bay based on UNCLOS and bathymetry system by using Geographic Information System (GIS). The results of the identification indicated that the Ocean Map issued by Dishidros had not entirely referred to the criteria of UNCLOS in determining an area as a bay, in which an indentation is regarded as a bay if its total area is larger than the area of t he semi-circle whose diameter is a line drawn across the mouth of that indentation. Subsequently, spatial analysis found out that the depth of the waters in Saleh Bay can be classified into eleven classes, which are: (1) 0 – 10 meter with area of 294.27 km2, (2) 10 - 20 meter with area of 205.45 km2, (3) 20 - 30 meter with area of 259.45 km2, (4) 30 - 40 meter with area of 146.25 km2, (5) 40 - 50 meter with area of 137,83 km2, (6) 50 - 60 meter with area of 148.19 km2, (7) 75 - 100 meter with area of 57.08 km2, (8) 100 - 150 meter with area of 73.78 km2, (9) 150 - 200 meter with area of 109.46 km2, (10) 200 - 300 meter with area of 533.42 km2 , and(11) >300 meter with area of 134.89 km2.

Based on the basic foundation of cooperatives, many cooperatives have sociologically been formed or established in Indonesia. Based on the data, the number of cooperatives that have been formed in Indonesia is 21,135 cooperatives. Moreover, the number of cooperatives in West Nusa Tenggara is 4,049 cooperatives consisting of cooperatives that are still active as many as 2,385 cooperatives and those that are inactive as many as 1,664 cooperatives. Meanwhile, the number of cooperatives in Sumbawa Regency is 394 cooperatives which include cooperatives that are still active as many as 209 cooperatives and those that are inactive as many as 185 cooperatives. This study aims to analyze and determine the dissolution factors of cooperatives in Sumbawa Regency. The results of this normative-empirical study showed that the dissolution factors of cooperatives in Sumbawa Regency were due to 3 (three) reasons: they did not hold a member meeting for 2 (two) consecutive years, members of cooperatives that made loans did not make payments so cooperatives cannot operate properly, and lack coordination between the cooperative members. The procedure for dissolving cooperatives based on Law No. 25 of 1992 is decided based on the decision of member meetings or government decisions. The decision to dissolve a cooperative by the government is carried out if there is evidence that a cooperative does not fulfill the provisions of Law No. 25 of 1992 in which its activities are contrary to public order and/ or morality and its survival is no longer expected.

Study of the fish diversity in Saleh Bay, West Nusa Tenggara (NTB) has been carried out in August 2000, and in North Tanimbar, Maluku Tenggara during November to December 2002. The fishes collecting in Saleh Bay using gillnet, beach seine, angling, and light fishing while in North Tanimbar by beach seine. A total specimens which collected from Saleh Bay were 576 samples, consist of 108 species from 29 families while in North Tanimbar were found 2 763 specimens, representing 61 species from 28 families.

This study aims at investigating the level of community participation in a rural development planning ( Musrenbangdes ) in Lapok village, and seeking the factors influencing the level of their participation. It is a qualitative study in which the data are generated through library research, in-depth interviews semi-structured with informants in the field and observations. Informants selected by purposive sampling with the scope of the informants are people who are involved and have a significant influence in the implementation of the Village Planning Forum activities ranging from the preparation, implementation and post-implementation activities. Finding shows the level of community participations in development planning through in the Village Planning Forum in Lopok village is still in the level of apparent (degmess of tekonism). This illustrates that the community involvement in these activities to the extent that new proposals and have no influence and power in determining the final decision. In addition, factors which affect the level of their participation are the low education levels, community work, weak leadership of the village head, lack of socialization and cooperation between communities and village government. Keywords: Participation, Development Planning, Community Participation, Participatory Planning JEL Classification: O18, R11

SMA/SMK IN Sumbawa Regency in the complaint process is carried out manually, that is students have to make complaints manually, namely meeting the BK teacher and telling what is being complained about, and resulting in all problems not being conveyed clearly to the KCD DIKBUD, The author's goal is to design and build Android-based Application for High School/Vocational High School Student Guidance Services in Sumbawa Regency (Case Study of the Education and Culture Office Branch Office of Sumbawa Regency, West Nusa Tenggara), which can be accessed directly by Android-based students, and for web-based admins, the KCD DIKBUD so that it can improve complaint services more effectively and efficiently for students and the KCD DIKBUD. The results of this study are Applications for High School/Vocational High School Student Guidance Services in Sumbawa Regency based on Android using the waterfall software development method, modeling using Data Flow Diagrams (DFD), and Dart language flutter and using black box testing.

The appearance of Jellyfish on Teluk Saleh Island, Sumbawa Regency, is an opportunity to develop this product, not only exporting raw materials, but also in the form of processed materials so that they have a greater added value than just raw materials. The purpose of this study is to analyze the optimization of the business benefits of Jellyfish fishermen in realizing prosperity. This type of research is descriptive research with survey methods through a qualitative approach. The data analysis technique is through data reduction, data presentation and conclusion drawing. A large number of fishermen have benefited from the business of catching jellyfish on the island of Teluk Saleh. Utilization of Jellyfish in Saleh Bay can have a positive impact because it is considered a stinging pest and can become Saleh Bay's export commodity which has a high selling value and price. feel self-sufficient and have implications for improving the welfare of Jellyfish fishermen in Teluk Saleh.

Small-scale tropical fisheries are complex systems that utilize multiple fishing gears to target various species. In this study, we investigated small-scale reef and demersal fisheries in Saleh Bay, Indonesia, using catch and effort data from 2016 to 2019, where 57.7 percent of the catch was grouper (serranids) and snapper (lutjanids). Despite the complexity (75 documented species and eight fishing methods), this fishery is characterized by the catches of four dominant species: leopard coral grouper (Plectropomus leopardus), orange-spotted-grouper (Epinephelus coioides), spotted coral grouper (P. maculatus), and malabar blood snapper (Lutjanus malabaricus). The species caught varied among fishing methods. Over 90% of the catch was attributed to three primary fishing methods: bottom longline, speargun, and handline. Multivariate analyses found that fishing depth, season, and/or year significantly influenced the catch composition for each of these fishing methods. Fishing activities exhibit a temporal pattern influenced by monsoonal seasons. Results also suggest that fishers employ specialized fishing tactics by targeting high-value species to maximize their profits. This study recommends a management strategy of focusing on monitoring and managing the three main fishing gears and four important species during their peak seasons to reduce some of the complexity and management costs.

Leopard coral grouper (Plectropomus leopardus) is an important fisheries commodity in Saleh Bay, both ecologically and economically. Continuous exploitation of this species has caused population collapses in some waters due to high fishing pressure. Therefore, it is very important to estimate its population stock. Yield per recruit models usually being used to evaluate population stock also to estimate biological reference point. We estimated life-history parameters using length-based stock assessment, while stock size was estimated by virtual population analysis (VPA), and finally, prediction models was estimated using Beverton & Holt’s yield per recruit model. We used the following variables: growth parameters, fishing mortality, length at first capture, and age at 50% recruitment into the fishery. From these variables we found that the Fcurrent (0.26) is higher than the target reference point (FMSY= 0.24), which confirmed the indication of slight increased exploitation rate (E=0.62). It is shown that the Plectropomus leopardus was overexploited with spawner biomass-per-recruit at 20.6% of pristine levels. The regulation measures to correct the exploitation pattern and to reduce fishing mortality smaller than Fmsy including limiting the catch size and control on fishing gear by limiting fishing effort.

Climate change causes pressure on dry land ecosystems, due to limited water availability. The purpose of this research is to assess the water requirement of rainfed rice using Cropwat model in the Unter-Iwes Subdistrict, Sumbawa. The Cropwat 8.0 model with monthly meteorological data input from 2005-2016 in the Sumbawa Regency was used to calculate evapotranspiration, crop water requirements and moisture balance, allowing for adjustment of planting time and evaluation of crop production under dryland conditions. Results showed that the increase in temperature and decreased rainfall can increase the water requirement of rainfed rice plants in the study location. The realization of planting in November (rainy season) requires water at an early stage of plant growth of about 251.9 mm, and can be met from rainfall with a yield reduction risk of 0%. Planting realization conducted in May increase the risk of crop yield reduction, caused by decreased rainfall during the growth period, with a yield reduction of 59.7%.