Mapping the large-scale anisotropy in the WMAP data

Abstract

Aims. Analyses of recent cosmic microwave background (CMB) observations have provided increasing hints that there are deviations in the universe from statistical isotropy on large scales. Given t he far reaching consequences of such an anisotropy for our understanding of the universe, it is important to employ alternative indicators in order to determine whether the reported anisotropy is cosmological in origin and, if so, extract information that may be helpful for identifying its causes. Methods. Here we propose a new directional indicator, based on separation histograms of pairs of pixels, which provides a measure of departure from statistical isotropy. The main advantage of this indicator is that it generates a sky map of large-scale a nisotropies in the CMB temperature map, thus allowing a possible additional window into their causes. Results. Using this indicator, we find statistically significant exce ss of large-scale anisotropy at well over the 95% confidence l evel. This anisotropy defines a preferred direction in the CMB data. We d iscuss the statistical significance of this direction compa red to Monte Carlo data obtained under the statistical isotropy hypothesis, and al so compare it with other such axes recently reported in the literature. In addition we show that our findings are robust with respect to the details o f the method used, so long as the statistical noise is kept und er control; and they remain unchanged compared to the foreground cleaning algorithms used in CMB maps. We also find that the application of our method to the first and three-year WMAP data produces similar results.