Mapping the Landscape: A Comprehensive Analysis of Zebrafish Research in Brazil (2020-2025).

ABSTRACTOBJECTIVE Estimate the effect of age, period, and birth cohort on mortality from oral and oropharyngeal cancer in Brazil and its macro-regions.METHODS Deaths from oral and oropharyngeal cancer from 1983 to 2017 were analyzed. The Poisson regression model was applied, using estimable functions proposed by Holford.RESULTS From 1983 to 2017, 142,634 deaths from oral and oropharyngeal cancer were registered in Brazil, 81% among men, and the South and Southeast regions had the highest rates. The most significant period effects were observed in male mortality in the Southeast and Central-West regions for the 2003–2007 reference period. In the North, Northeast, and Central-West regions, an increased risk of mortality was observed in the most recent male cohorts. In the North region, the most significant risk identified was for men born during 1973–1977 (RR = 1.47; 95%CI 1.05–2.08); in the Northeast, for men born during 1988–1992 (RR = 2.77; 95%CI 1.66–4.63); and in the Central-West, for women born during 1973–1977 (RR = 2.01; 95%CI 1.19–3.39). In the Southeast and South regions, the most recent cohorts had lower mortality rates. The lowest risk in the Southeast region was observed in the male cohort born during 1978–1982 (RR = 0.53; 95%CI 0.45–0.62) and 1983–1987 in the South region (RR = 0.25; 95%CI 0.12–0.54).CONCLUSIONS Age had a significant effect on mortality from oral and oropharyngeal cancer in all regions. In the North, Northeast, and Central-West regions, an increase in risk was observed in the most recent cohorts, while in the South and Southeast regions, these cohorts presented a lower risk when compared to the older cohorts.

Regional-scale boundary layer ozone variations in the eastern United States and their association with meteorological variations

Geographic and Sociodemographic Disparities in Access to Radiation Therapy in Brazil: A Nationwide Cross-Sectional Study (2017-2022).

BackgroundThe population genetics of parasites may be influenced by host specificity, life cycle, host geographical range, evolutionary history, and host population structure. The nematode Aspidodera raillieti infects different marsupial and rodent hosts in the Nearctic and Neotropical regions, implying a gene flow among populations. However, niche diversification of the main hosts of A. raillieti in superimposed areas may provide conditions for population genetic structuring within this parasite species. We examined the genetic structuring of A. raillieti infecting three marsupial species co-occurring along the South and Southeast Brazilian Atlantic Forest, a hotspot of biodiversity.MethodsWe employed morphometric analyses and partial mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I gene sequences (MT-CO1) to characterize populations via phylogenetic and phylogeographic analyses.Results Among 175 A. raillieti specimens recovered from the marsupial hosts Didelphis aurita, D. albiventris, and Philander quica, we identified 99 MT-CO1 haplotypes forming four haplogroups and four clades in networks and phylogenetic trees, respectively. Clades I and II encompassed parasites of D. albiventris from the South region, clade III comprised parasites of D. aurita from the South and Southeast regions, and clade IV encompassed parasites of D. aurita and D. albiventris from the South and Southeast regions and parasites of P. quica from the South region. High genetic differentiation between clades, with a high fixation index and greater genetic variation in the analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA), indicated low gene flow between clades. Haplotypes shared among host species revealed a lack of host specificity. A significant correlation in the Mantel test suggested parasite isolation by distance, while there was no evidence of geographical structure between populations. Negative neutrality test values for clades III and IV suggested recent population expansion. Morphometric differentiation between A. raillieti specimens recovered from different host species, as well as from different localities, was more evident in males.ConclusionThe genetic structure of A. raillieti populations in the South and Southeast Atlantic Forest resulted from historical events rather than from current geographical distribution or host specificity. We also demonstrate morphometric variation associated with host species and localities, suggesting phenotypic plasticity to host attributes and to spatial variables.Graphical

A population-based hepatitis survey was carried out to estimate the prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and its predictive factors for the state capitals from the north, south, and southeast regions of Brazil. A multistage cluster sampling was used to select, successively, census tracts, blocks, households, and residents in the age group 10–69 years in each state capital. The prevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) was lower than 1% in the north, southeast, and south regions. Socioeconomic condition was associated with HBV infection in north and south regions. Variables related to the blood route transmission were associated with HBV infection only in the south whereas those related to sexual behavior were associated with HBV infection in the north and south regions. Drug use was associated in all regions, but the type of drug differed. The findings presented herein highlight the diversity of the potential transmission routes for hepatitis B transmission in Brazil. In one hand, it reinforces the importance of national control strategies of large impact already in course (immunization of infants, adolescents, and adults up to 49 years of age and blood supply screening). On the other hand, it shows that there is still room for further control measures targeted to different groups within each region.

Objective: to analyze the public spending of outpatient production for urinary incontinence in men of the Unified Health System in Brazil and regions between the years 2010 to 2019. Methods: This is an observational and descriptive study carried out for the North, Northeast, South, Southeast and Midwest regions of Brazil over a period of ten years. Data were obtained from the Outpatient Information System and Extracted and Processed by the TABWIN Program version 4.1.5. The selection of data was organized by the amount paid of procedures according to male gender, age group greater then 20 years and regions of Brazil. Result: In the period studied, the average public expenditure on outpatient production for urinary incontinence in men was R$ 92,141.00 per year, with an increase of 590% between 2010 and 2019. The South region had the highest of procedures expenditures when compared to the Midwest region. The largest expenditures were concentrated in the more developed regions like the Southeast region which had a total expenditure of R$ 570,792.87, followed by the South region, with a total expenditure of R$ 192,115.73. Spending with men between 60 and 69 years old was significantly higher than in the age groups between 20 and 49 years old and over 80 years old. Conclusion: The results show that there is a concentration of outpatient expenses with urinary incontinence in men in geographic regions with better infrastructure and is associated with population aging.

Yams (Dioscoreaspp.) are one of the main root and tuber crops in the world, especially within the species complexDioscorea cayenensis/D. rotundata. Few studies have been conducted in Brazil with these species, including genetic diversity. The objective of this study was to characterize the genetic diversity of local varieties ofD. cayenensisandD. rotundatausing morphological and molecular markers, and provide information on the management and use of the crop by family farmers from different regions in Brazil. Thus, yam tubers were sampled from several municipalities in the South, Southeast and Northeast regions. Eighteen morphological traits and ten microsatellite loci were used to analyse 47 yam accessions (23D. cayenensisand 24D. rotundata). Species identification was carried out after field morphological evaluation. Spatial genetic analysis indicated significant structure among the local varieties, mostly between regions and species. Both cluster and Bayesian analyses showed a separation of the accessions into two distinct groups: group I with accessions originated from the Southeast region and group II with accessions originated from the Northeast region, while accessions from the South region were intermediate or included in either group. The results showed a separation betweenD. cayenensisandD. rotundataaccessions in Brazil, and thatD. cayenensisoccurs predominantly in the Southeast region, whileD. rotundataoccurs in the Northeast region. Further studies with larger sampling would be welcome in order to confirm these findings. Also, this study highlights the importance of family farmers in the genetic diversity conservation of these species in Brazil.

Revealing the microbial heritage of traditional Brazilian cheeses through metagenomics

Population-based seroprevalence of hepatitis C virus infection in the South and Southeast regions of Brazil

This article analyzes the characteristics of the Brazilian trade flow from the Northeast, Southeast and South Regions in MERCOSUL in terms of factor intensity within the principles of traditional trade theory. The analysis is performed for the period 1990-2004 and the input-output technique is used. The classification of products according to factors' intensity is performed using the Endowment Triangles method developed by Leamer[9]and adapted by Londero and Teitel[11]. Considering that there are regional disparities in Brazil, it is natural to investigate the patterns of the international trade of Brazilian Regions, particularly the Northeast, Southeast and South, which together account for more than 90.0% of the Brazilian international trade and 95.0% for MERCOSUL. Regarding the use of factors for MERCOSUL, the results show that in exports from the Northeast, there is a paradoxical behavior in the use of comparative advantages, once there is greater share of goods intensive in capital and less in natural resources and labor. Concerning the South and Southeast Regions, exports are more intensive in capital than the imports, therefore consistent with the precepts of comparative advantages, if recognized that these two regions are relatively well endowed with more capital than the partners of MERCOSUL.JEL Classification: F15

Introduction: The esophageal cancer is derived from numerous dysplastic mutations usually located in the most distal portion of the esophagus, and is an aggressive neoplasm with a low survival rate. Environmental factors and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) are the main precursors of this pathology, and its risk factors include males aged over 50, obesity, smoking and alcohol consumption. Its diagnosis can be made through upper digestive endoscopy (UDE). Methodology: Data was collected from the Mortality Information System (SIM) from 1998 to 2022 in order to analyse the evolution of esophageal cancer mortality and compare demographic, temporal and regional trends in esophageal malignant neoplasm mortality in Brazil. Results and discussion: There has been an increase in mortality over time, with a predominance of Caucasians and males in all races. The southeast and south regions have the highest incidence and mortality rates. The disparity between the sexes is attributed to men's greater exposure to smoking and alcohol. In the South, the consumption of mate is highlighted as a significant risk factor, and its higher incidence in white people is explained by the high proportion of elderly people in this region, as esophageal cancer is more common in the elderly due to prolonged exposure to carcinogens. Conclusion: The scientific analysis carried out provides mortality trends in Brazil with regard to esophageal cancer and allows these data to be correlated with the ethnic groups, sexes and regions most affected. Finally, the study highlights the importance of environmental factors in causing this pathology, indicating public health interventions mainly in the South and Southeast regions in order to reduce mortality figures.

This article explores ideas, discourses, and research on hygiene and sanitation as they manifest in South Asia in relation to childhood and children’s lived experiences. Hygiene and sanitation are concerned with the interactions between the physiology and metabolism of the human being and their environment and community. While hygiene is commonly defined as practices intended to preserve health and prevent the spread of diseases, the word sanitation describes the conditions, systems, and infrastructures that enable hygiene. Since the late nineteenth century, the individual, community, and structural aspects of hygiene and sanitation have been approached in South Asia as preventive public health issues eliciting political intervention into embodied behaviors and community spaces. Equivalent and regional state-led water infrastructures and pedagogic texts espousing hygiene are extant from earlier eras. However, this article follows texts that succeed the co-emergence of the Anglophone vocabulary of hygiene and sanitation and their imperial cognates within policy discourse alongside the geopolitical construct of South Asia. Scholars across the diverse fields of history; geography; anthropology of medicine, childhood, and infrastructure; critical postcolonial studies; literature; developmental economics; demographics; and population health have highlighted how hygiene and sanitation in relation to childhood and children’s experiences are negotiations between the biomedical, kinship, and the political. In saving, securing, and allowing the reproduction of life, hygiene and sanitation facilitate the reproduction of society on an everyday basis and across generations. For this very reason, hygienic practices and sanitation infrastructure are also biopolitical projects, or pathways to control, facilitate, and manage populations at large. Foucauldian ideas of biopolitics in Europe refer to large public health projects aimed at fostering life. In contrast, biopolitics within colonial relations of power has entailed technologies of governance that produce and sustain differential valuation of lives on race, gender, and sexuality. In the context of South Asia, thus, scholars have highlighted that hygiene and sanitation projects have been sites of negotiating power over public spaces and resources, often through children as conduits between the state and the community, from early colonial projects such as those to prevent the spread of Asiatic cholera in colonial Bengal province through contaminated water to more recent campaigns regarding menstrual hygiene management and COVID-19 prevention efforts. Institutions such as schools and hospitals; processes such as national surveys, urban planning, and birth and death registrations; and campaigns including those on disease awareness, well-being promotion, and environmental pollution have served to connect the colonial and postcolonial state with communities through governance and outreach centered on children. Such public-health projects and discourses are sites of significant transnational cross-pollination of expertise, funding, and technical assistance. Here, South Asia as a geographic category is relevant due to its contemporary nations’ shared colonial histories and continuing developmental projects implemented through transnational agencies and philanthropic efforts in the region, even though the geopolitical category of and the boundaries that determine South Asia remain contested. Within transnational developmental governance of sanitation and hygiene, organizations work with distinct categorizations of countries: countries in UNICEF’s (United Nations Children’s Fund) South Asia region partially overlap with the World Health Organization’s (WHO) larger South-East Asia region. The works listed in this article are organized according to thematic areas or analytical foci relevant to the South Asian context broadly and investigate how figurations of childhood and children’s lived experiences are entangled with conceptions of hygiene and sanitation in the region.

Little is known in our country about regional differences in the treatment of acute coronary disease.To analyze the behavior regarding the use of demonstrably effective regional therapies in acute coronary disease.A total of 71 hospitals were randomly selected, respecting the proportionality of the country in relation to geographic location, among other criteria. In the overall population was regionally analyzed the use of aspirin, clopidogrel, ACE inhibitors / AT1 blocker, beta-blockers and statins, separately and grouped by individual score ranging from 0 (no drug used) to 100 (all drugs used). In myocardial infarction with ST elevation (STEMI) regional differences were analyzed regarding the use of therapeutic recanalization (fibrinolytics and primary angioplasty).In the overall population, within the first 24 hours of hospitalization, the mean score in the North-Northeast (70.5 ± 22.1) was lower (p <0.05) than in the Southeast (77.7 ± 29.5), Midwest (82 ± 22.1) and South (82.4 ± 21) regions. At hospital discharge, the score of the North-Northeast region (61.4 ± 32.9) was lower (p <0.05) than in the Southeast (69.2 ± 31.6), Midwest (65.3 ± 33.6) and South (73.7 ± 28.1) regions; additionally, the score of the Midwest was lower (p <0.05) than the South region. In STEMI, the use of recanalization therapies was highest in the Southeast (75.4%, p = 0.001 compared to the rest of the country), and lowest in the North-Northeast (52.5%, p <0.001 compared to the rest of the country).The use of demonstrably effective therapies in the treatment of acute coronary disease is much to be desired in the country, with important regional differences.

This is a descriptive and temporal series study, using secondary data. Objective: to describe the tendency ofthe mortality ofwomen 10 to 49 years, in Brazil, from 1980 to 2000, taking in account the three last census years and the available epidemiologic variables present in the National official statistics. Methods: populations of study were: a) deaths ofwomen ages 10 to 49 years old, Brazilian residents, occurred in the periods 1979/1981, 1990/1992 and 1999/2001 and b) women 10 to 49 years old, Brazilian residents at the sarne periods. The variables were: age, city, and the underlying cause of death. ln order to adequately compare historically and geographically, standardized coefficients were estimated. Results: the mortality of women at the reproductive ages represented 16. 7% of total Brazilian female deaths, tending to fall. The global coefficient decreased 28% in average in Brazil and regions. The risk estimative to die by any cause was higher in the Southeast Region and lower in the South and Northeast Regions. Circulatory disease was the first cause of death in women at reproductive ages. Cerebrovascular disease and Ischemic hearth disease were the most important causes and also declined during the time, except in North and Northeast Regions. Cancer mortality was reduced in 3% in Brazil, but in Northeast and Middle West Regions, there was a growing rate. Breast cancer was the main site of the tumor in all regions, except in the North, where uterine cervix cancer was in the top. Breast and lung cancer rates presented a raise tendency in the country, while stomach and uterine cervix cancer presented a declined trend. South Region was the only one to show raise of the death rate of the cancer of cervix of the uterus. Homicides raised 82% in Brazil. Mortality by traffic accidents fell down in the country, except in South and Middle-West Regions. Suicides raised in the North, Northeast, and Middle West. The falling mortality by infectious disease had a change when aids was coded in this chapter, after 1995. The aids deaths were responsible for half ofthese deaths. The most affected age was from 30 to 34 years. Maternal Mortality Ratio changed from 92,42 to 53,47 deaths per 100.000 live bom. Final Comments: Observing that Brazilian rates of mortality by some causes are increasing and also that maternal mortality ratio is still very high, being many of them avoidable causes of death, it is important that health authorities have in mind the necessity to take actions that will conduct to better conditions, as well as in countries were the right to health and dignity are preserved.

Introdução: O câncer de colo uterino é causado pela infecção persistente por algumas cepas oncogênicas do Papiloma Vírus Humano. Ele acontece devido ao crescimento anormal de células que possuem a capacidade de invadir localmente e metastatizar à distância. O câncer cervical é o terceiro tumor mais frequente entre as mulheres e a quarta maior causa de morte por câncer nesta população. Por isso, o exame citopatológico de colo de útero mostra-se fundamental no rastreamento e diagnóstico precoce desta patologia, evitando, assim, que essa assuma um papel metastático. Objetivo: Determinar as prevalências da realização do exame citopatológico do colo uterino nos anos de 2007 e 2013, em todas regiões do Brasil, e compará-las. Métodos: O delineamento do estudo é do tipo transversal descritivo, com base em dados secundários da Vigilância de fatores de risco e proteção para doenças crônicas por Inquérito Telefônico(VIGITEL) dos anos de 2007 e 2013. O objetivo do VIGITEL é monitorar a frequência e distribuição dos principais determinantes das doenças crônicas não-transmissíveis por inquérito telefônico. Esse questionário é realizado anualmente desde o ano de 2006 e, a partir de 2007, foram incluídas perguntas sobre prevenção de câncer, sendo os dados 2013 os últimos disponíveis até o momento. Essa pesquisa é realizada com maiores de 18 anos residentes das 26 capitais brasileiras e no Distrito Federal. O desfecho do presente estudo compreendeu a realização ou não do exame preventivo do câncer de colo uterino em algum momento da vida e nos últimos 3 anos, sendo incluídas as mulheres entre 25 e 64 anos. No ano de 2007 foram entrevistas 32704 mulheres e em 2013, 32653. Esses dados foram agrupados segundo ano e região para posterior análise. Resultados: Em 2007, do total de brasileiras entrevistadas, 84,67% responderam já ter realizado o exame de rastreio para câncer de colo uterino, enquanto 79,81% afirmaram tê-lo realizado nos últimos três anos. Por regiões, a Região Sul se destacou com percentuais de 92,85% e 88,21%, para as mesmas variáveis. A Região Nordeste teve as piores taxas do país, com 80,12% e 75%, respectivamente. A Região Sudeste apresentou altos índices, próximos ao Sul. O Centro-Oeste ficou em terceiro, superando Região Norte. Em 2013, 85,61% das mulheres afirmaram já ter realizado o exame de rastreamento em algum momento da vida, e 80,68% responderam estar em dia com o exame. Por regiões, a Região Sul foi quem se destacou, com 92,75% das mulheres já tendo realizado o exame em algum momento e 87,81% estando em dia com o Papanicolau. A Região Nordeste teve o pior desempenho, com 80,8% e 75,59%, respectivamente. Ainda, o Centro-Oeste foi suplantado pelo Norte, após melhora discreta deste último em relação à 2007. Discussão/Conclusão: As regiões Sul, Sudeste e Centro-Oeste mantiveram-se com altas taxas de realização do exame, semelhante a de países desenvolvidos. Em 2007, a região Norte que estava abaixo da cobertura de 80% estipulada pela OMS conseguiu, em 2013, suplantá-la. Já o Nordeste, teve um ligeiro aumento; no entanto, permanece aquém dessa meta. Com isso, conclui-se que o Brasil, de uma maneira geral, tem aumentado a cobertura do rastreamento, ultrapassando, em 2013, a meta dessa Organização.