Mapping poverty and food security: A spatial correlation analysis in central java

Tuberculosis still becomes a health problem both in the world and in Indonesia. Central Java is The third highest province of tuberculosis in Indonesia. Spatial analysis is an essential tool for evaluating the tuberculosis distribution pattern according to geographic location. This research aims to determine tuberculosis hotspot areas and discover whether there is a spatial correlation between districts/cities in Central Java based on tuberculosis cases using the spatial autocorrelation method through the Moran Index and Local Indicators of Spatial Associations (LISA). Secondary data in the form of the aggregate number of all tuberculosis cases in 2022 was collected from the Indonesian Central Statistics Agency published in Central Java in Figures 2023. Analysis was carried out using ArcViw Gis 3.3 and GeoDa software and the unit of analysis of the study is districts/cities. The results of the research show that there is negative spatial autocorrelation with no spatial autocorrelation. This result means tuberculosis cases in one adjacent district/city in Central Java Province have different values and tend to spread. The area that will become a tuberculosis hotspot in Central Java in 2022 is Tegal Regency. The health intervention is suggested to be performed in tuberculosis hotspot areas to reduce tuberculosis cases in Central Java.

Food security has become a global issue, and represents the first of the Sustainable Development Goals, which is zero hunger. Many countries, including Indonesia, have set food security as the central policy on their development agenda. There has been some research into food security issues, but primarily this has no spatial context. This research identifies spatial clusters—high-high, low-low, high-low, and low-high—across four food security measures: the Food Security and Vulnerability Atlas, the Dietary Diversity Score, the Food Variety Score, and the Calorie Intake. It explores 514 districts in Indonesia for 2019 using Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis (ESDA, Global Moran’s I) and Local Indicators of Spatial Association (LISA). The data for measuring food security come from SUSENAS (the National Socio-Economic Survey), Statistics of Indonesia and the National Food Agency. The research reveals the presence of regional food security in Indonesia. Eastern Indonesia faces challenges from food insecurity issues. The LISA result shows that there are low-low clusters in eastern Indonesia because of geographical isolation, poor economic performance, and a lack of infrastructure. Conversely, high clusters in western Indonesia, especially in Java Island, benefit from favorable agricultural conditions, a robust infrastructure, and diverse food markets. High-low clusters highlight that there are urban centers with better food access amidst less secure areas, while low-high clusters face economic and logistical challenges despite being near food-secure regions. This local analysis offers nuanced insights beyond the results of a standard ESDA, emphasizing the need for tailored policies to address regional disparities. Future research should explore the determinants of food security using spatial and non-spatial econometric approaches and should apply convergence analysis to identify the factors driving prosperous regions, providing benchmarks for enhancing food security across all districts.

The demand for food continues to increase as population growth concerns the Indonesian government, as stated in the second goal of the Sustainable Development Goals, namely zero hunger. The National Food Agency (BPN) uses the Food Security Index (IKP) to monitor food security conditions in Indonesia's district/city and provincial levels. Based on the BPN data, most districts/cities in The Land of Papua (so called Irian Province before the year 2000) are food insecure. However, the IKP has a weakness in the subjectivity of determining weights so that it can disguise the failure of a program or exaggerate a success. The model-based clustering (MBC) method can measure the food security of districts/cities in this area based on food security indicators. However, the data conditions are generally not multivariate distributed, and there are many outliers, so this study used MBC with multivariate t distribution because it is more robust. The best model was obtained with two clusters based on the largest Bayesian Information Criterion value. Cluster 1, located in the mountains and islands such as Nduga, Intan Jaya, Mamberamo Tengah, Puncak, and Lanny Jaya, had low food security, low indicator achievements with high poverty characteristics, many households with a portion of household expenditure on the food of more than 65%, low access to electricity and clean water, low life expectancy and average years of schooling for women, and the percentage of stunted toddlers. Meanwhile, Cluster 2, areas with high food security, had the opposite condition. Keywords: food security, model-based clustering, multivariate t distribution, Land of Papua

The sustainable development goals (SDGs) represent the global ambition to accelerate sustainable development. Several SDGs are directly related to climate change and policies aiming to mitigate it. This includes, among others, the set of SDGs that directly influence the climate, land, energy, and water (CLEW) nexus (SDGs 2, 6, 7, 13, 15). This study aims at understanding the synergies and trade-offs between climate policy and the SDGs agenda: how does near-term action on SDGs influence long-term climate goals? Based on a multi-model comparison, we evaluate three scenarios: (i) reference; (ii) climate mitigation; and (iii) a CLEW nexus SDGs scenario. We find clear positive effects of combining the climate and the sustainable development agendas. Notably, healthier diets, with reduced meat consumption, have strong co-benefits for climate, with positive effects across multiple SDGs: improvements in food security, reductions in air pollution and water stress, and improvements in biodiversity conservation. Such positive outcomes are prominent in the Global South, where regions typically at higher risk of food and energy insecurity and other environmental stresses (e.g. Sub-Saharan Africa, Asia and Latin America) benefit from a shorter term agenda focusing not only on the climate but also on the other sustainable development dimensions. However, trade-offs are also observed (e.g. increases in the prices of food and electricity), especially in the dynamics of land and the food systems, highlighting the importance of exploring policy synergies: if individually applied, some measures can negatively impact other sustainability goals, while taking into consideration the nexus interactions can reduce trade-offs and increase co-benefits. Finally, near-term action on SDGs can help speed up the transition towards the long-term climate goals, reducing the reliance on negative emissions options. In 2100, the SDG scenario in significantly less reliant on carbon dioxide removals both from AFOLU and the energy system.

Purpose. Given the efforts towards achieving the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) for food security by 2030, this study investigates the moderating impact of public investments in agriculture on the agricultural producer price – agricultural sustainability nexus in 40 African countries covering the period from 2000 till 2019. Methodology / approach. In this study we used multiple regression techniques to explore a dynamic panel data model based on the one-step system Generalized Method of Moments (System-GMM). Proposed by Arellano and Bover and further developed by Blundell and Bond, the System-GMM estimator was preferred over other techniques because of its efficiency in eliminating the simultaneous biases that are associated with regression model estimations. Specifically, the one-step System-GMM was preferred over the two-step System-GMM for our estimation due to the efficiency of its optimal weighting matrices. Results. The study discovered that although the interactions between public investments on agriculture and agricultural sustainability amplify the positive impact of a set of explanatory variables on agricultural producer price to an extent, the impact on food security in Africa is insignificant. The study also discovers that the net effects of a set of interactive terms on producer price in the developing countries in Africa are slightly lower than in the least-developed countries. The weighted average food security index for the period under study was abysmal 44.54%, indicating moderate food insecurity in Africa. Originality / scientific novelty. In the context of food security literature in Africa, this study is the first attempt at exploring the agricultural producer price – agricultural sustainability nexus based on the moderating impact of public investments on agriculture with the Global Food Security Index (GFSI), a composite food security model developed by the Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU). Among our study proposals it is a call for a detour from the current agricultural investment and producer price policies especially the current ‘one-size-fits-all’ regional frameworks which have proved to be less progressive and less transformative to more robust country/sector-specific frameworks that have the potential to better the fortunes of agriculture and improve food security. Practical value / implications. The current state of agricultural producer price in most African countries is ample proof that the role and importance of the producer price have been gravely diminished. Despite governments’ efforts towards improving food security, the evidence as presented in this study supports the fact that those efforts have not achieved much success. The study, which contains a number of recommendations, highlights agricultural producer price as a potentially important driver of agricultural sustainability and sustainable food security in Africa.

Climate change, famine, and low-income communities challenge Sustainable Development Goals

The Public Distribution System (PDS) of India plays a crucial role in reducing food insecurity by acting as a safety net by distributing essentials at a subsidised rate. While the PDS forms a cornerstone of government food and nutrition policy, India continues to be home to a large population of hungry and malnourished people. This review seeks to explore the functioning and efficiency of the PDS in achieving food and nutritional security in India. A comprehensive and systematic search using the key terms “food insecurity” OR “food security” AND “Public Distribution System” OR “PDS” OR “TPDS” AND “India” identified 23 articles which met the inclusion criteria. This review draws attention to the lack of published literature in areas of PDS and food security in India. The findings of the review emphasise the role of PDS in tackling hunger and malnutrition while highlighting its limited role in improving food security and childhood mortality due to operational inefficiencies. The PDS has the potential to act as a solution to food insecurity in India if the operational inefficiencies and environmental footprints are addressed by adequate policy reforms.

Globally, agri-food systems face rising pressure from climate change, population growth, and economic structural shifts, raising worries about the capacity of food systems. Africa holds a crucial role in this worldwide issue due to its swiftly increasing population, significant reliance on agriculture for survival, and ongoing susceptibility to food insecurity and malnutrition. This systematic review explores the impact of economic, cultural, and institutional factors on the shift of Africa’s agri-food systems toward sustainable regional food security. A comprehensive analysis was conducted on 106 peer-reviewed articles published from 2010 to 2024, adhering to PRISMA guidelines. The approach utilized thematic synthesis and descriptive statistical analysis to derive insights on indicators of food security, efficiency in agriculture, and the prevalence of malnutrition. The analysis shows significant regional disparities: Northern and Southern Africa demonstrate comparatively better system efficiency and food security, due to enhanced infrastructure, institutional backing, and economic stability. The results also indicate that economic elements, especially agricultural value chain development, productivity, and access to finance, are significantly linked to enhanced food security, whereas the quality of institutions and governance effectiveness serve a crucial enabling function. Cultural dynamics, such as dietary habits and gender roles, greatly impact food usage and nutrition, particularly in East and West Africa. Significant regional disparities continue, with North and Southern Africa showing comparatively better institutional and economic performance, while Central Africa is dealing with increased vulnerabilities. The assessment emphasizes the significant connections with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), especially SDG 2 (Zero Hunger), SDG 12 (Responsible Consumption and Production), and SDG 13 (Climate Action), highlighting the importance of Agri-food transformation in Africa’s development agenda. Additionally, the examination highlights the increasing significance of climate-smart farming, circular economy approaches, and inclusive policy structures in influencing food system durability and rural economies. The research concludes that Africa’s Agri-food transition necessitates diverse, region-tailored strategies based on economic feasibility, cultural relevance, and institutional changes. It emphasizes the need for improved policy alignment, inter-regional knowledge sharing, and data-driven innovation to secure a fair and sustainable Agri-food future for the continent. This review adds to the body of knowledge by presenting a systems-oriented, region-specific perspective on Africa’s Agri-food transition, supplying data to guide cohesive policy formulation, focused investment, and subsequent research directed at ensuring sustainable food and nutrition security in Africa.

Detecting farmland green production efficiency considering Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in the Yellow River Basin: Dynamics, drivers, and challenges

Does Students’ Home Zip Code Relate to Food Insecurity on Campus? Implications of Home Demographics on Food Insecurity in College

PurposeGrowing food insecurity is a leading cause of fatalities, particularly in developing nations like Sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia. However, the rising energy consumption and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions are mostly associated with food production. Balancing the trade-offs between energy intensity and food security remains a top priority for environmentalists. Despite the critical role of the environment in food security, there is a scarcity of substantial studies that explore the statistical connections among food security, CO2 emissions, energy intensity, foreign direct investment (FDI) and per capita income. Therefore, this study aims to provide more precise and consistent estimates of per capita CO2 emissions by considering the interplay of food security and energy intensity within the context of emerging economies.Design/methodology/approachTo examine the long-term relationships between CO2 emissions, food security, energy efficiency, FDI and economic development in emerging economies, this study employs correlated panel-corrected standard error, regression with Newey–West standard error and regression with Driscoll–Kraay standard error models (XTSCC). The analysis utilizes data spanning from 1980 to 2018 and encompasses 32 emerging economies.FindingsThe study reveals that increasing food security in a developing economy has a substantial positive impact on both CO2 emissions and energy intensity. Each model, on average, demonstrates that a 1 percent improvement in food security results in a 32% increase in CO2 levels. Moreover, the data align with the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) theory, as it indicates a positive correlation between gross domestic product (GDP) in developing nations and CO2 emissions. Finally, all experiments consistently demonstrate a robust correlation between the Food Security Index (FSI), energy intensity level (EIL) and exchange rate (EXR) in developing markets and CO2 emissions. This suggests that these factors significantly contribute to environmental performance in these countries.Originality/valueThis study introduces novelty by employing diverse techniques to uncover the mixed findings regarding the relationship between CO2 emissions and economic expansion. Additionally, it integrates energy intensity and food security into a new model. Moreover, the study contributes to the literature by advocating for a sustainable development goal (SDG)-oriented policy framework that considers all variables influencing economic growth.

ABSTRACTAbout half of the households in the mid-hills of Nepal are severely food insecure, and the development of agriculture and forestry sectors could hold keys to reduce food insecurity and achieve other sustainable development goals. This paper presents results from a bio-economic model, Enhancing Livelihood from Improved Forest Management in Nepal (EnLiFT), that estimates a Food Security Index (FSI) across six household types in rural Nepal simulating selected agroforestry livelihood interventions. The FSI is calculated as the ratio between household expenditure capacity and household poverty threshold based on the national per capita poverty threshold. Market-oriented timber production shows strong potential to increase food security across all household types with greater benefits accruing to land-rich households. For land-poor households, remittances from household members working abroad remains the strongest route to their food security despite the underutilisation of agricultural land due to adult male labour outmigration. A drawback of market-oriented timber production is the long-term nature of timber production. As EnLiFT assumes that timber can only be harvested from Year 9, complimentary livelihood strategies are required to address food insecurity in the short term. Complimentary agroforestry interventions with the strongest potential to improve food security include combined high-yielding fodder production and commercial goat production, and production of non-timber forest products. Commercial vegetable production does not improve food security because of the high input costs. Currently, farmers in Nepal cannot yet fully obtain the financial benefits of agroforestry due to the complex and unsupportive forestry regulations surrounding harvesting and marketing of planted trees. While land-poor households are seen to rely on foreign remittances for food security, it is argued that policies encouraging use of remittances to promote agroforestry businesses is needed.

Introduction and Aim: Diarrhea is a significant public health problem, resulting in nearly 16% of child deaths below the age of five, globally. This study was undertaken to find the relation between geographical variance in diarrheal prevalence and spatial dependence among under-five children of Karkala taluk of Karnataka State, India, between 2015 to 2018. Materials and Methods: Data on registered diarrheal cases among under-five children between April 2015 and March 2018was obtained from the State Department of Health and Family Welfare. The thematic maps were prepared for the study area using data available at the village level. The GeoDa software was used to carry out spatial data analysis and spatial autocorrelation. Spatial dependence was analyzed through the Global Moran's Index and Local Indicators of Spatial Association (LISA). Results: Three thousand eight hundred ninety-four under-five children were recorded with diarrhea in Karkala taluk with a mean annual rate of 123.6/1000 diarrheal cases. There was an increase in diarrheal incidence during the study period with peak trends being seasonal. Global and Local spatial correlation analysis detected several hot and cold spot clusters among villages in Karkala taluk. Conclusion: Diarrheal incidence among under-five children is highly seasonal and spatially clustered. The spatial analysis helps decide preventive measures for identified clusters and determines the observed heterogeneity of diarrheal infection.

Food security Index (FSI) is a global issue influenced by ecological and socio-economic factors. Food security is a condition in which humans can meet their food needs. Therefore, it is necessary to identify the conditions of food security and the factors that can influence it as a first step in overcoming food insecurity. The study area of this research is Central Java. This study uses spatial autocorrelation method. This method can determine patterns or correlations between study locations using Moran’s I and LISA. This method also provides information related to the relationship between poverty distribution characteristics between locations in Central Java. This study also analyzes the Food Security Index (FSI) in Central Java Province by integrating drought parameters (Normalized Difference Drought Index), poverty levels, food expenditure, and open unemployment rates. The results of the analysis show a correlation between ecological conditions and FSI achievements. These results confirm that the FSI level in the study area does not only depend on natural resources but is also influenced by socioeconomic factors. Thus, the results of this analysis may be beneficial as recommendations for policymakers through a spatial-based approach to provide strategies for improving food security, especially in Central Java.

Food security ensures that sufficient, high-quality food is accessible to everyone for optimal consumption. Rising food prices can severely impact food security, especially for economically vulnerable groups. This research investigates the relationship between staple food prices and food security in Indonesia, focusing on factors like rice energy intake, egg protein intake, Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP) per capita, and regional conditions on Java, Bali, and other islands. Data from all Indonesian provinces for 2018-2020 is analyzed using the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression method. The Food Security Index (IKP) comes from the National Food Agency’s Food Security Index Book, and food price data is sourced from the National Strategic Food Price Information Center (PIHPS). Control data such as GRDP per capita is from the Central Statistics Agency (BPS), while rice energy and egg protein intake data are from the Ministry of Agriculture’s Food Consumption Directory. The analysis reveals that rising rice prices from 2018 to 2020 significantly negatively affected food security. The study recommends evaluating rice price policies to maintain stability and enhance food accessibility. Similar evaluations for egg prices are also suggested to ensure protein availability for the community.