Manuscript Reviewers

Introducing the New Editorial Team

All Good Things Come in Threes…︁

<p>Editorial board has pleasure to release this issue of <strong><em>Economic Literature</em></strong>, an annual Journal of Department of Economics, Prithvi Narayan Campus, Tribhuvan University, Pokhara (Volume XII, December 2014). Through the publication of this journal. We have been making efforts to promote the general advancement of economic knowledge, information and techniques of analysis since 1981. Our aim is to continue this tradition by publishing highly academic and policy oriented research papers and to provide platforms for enthusiastic scholars who like to publish their scholarly and analytical paper based on fresh research on the issues of interest around the discipline of economics. This issue incorporates analytical articles of contemporary issues of Nepalese economy including deposit mobilization in a commercial bank, government expenditure, multi-dimensional poverty in rural area, impact of remittance, index of human development, financial institution and management practices of graduates.</p><p>We strongly believe that University Departments should engage in research and disseminate the ideas and findings obtained through research to the scientific community for the enlightenment of knowledge, not just to deliver the existing knowledge in class rooms. We have firmly believed that it will not only enrich field of knowledge but also inspire the fresh graduates towards the culture of scientific research and thoughtful writings. If this publication contributed something to strengthen the culture, we will feel great satisfaction. It is, however, up to the reader to evaluate our endeavour.</p><p>It was not possible to offer this volume to the esteemed readers without the contributions of the authors of articles included in this issue. We, therefore, reverentially acknowledge the authors who have contributed to the journal. We would also like to thank to those who have assisted us by encouraging the course of this publication. Special thanks go to the campus administration for encouragement and support in various ways. The editorial board welcomes all the noble thoughts, constructive comments and suggestions.</p><p>Economic Literature Vol.12 2014</p>

<p>Editorial board has pleasure to release this issue of <strong><em>Economic Literature</em></strong>, an annual Journal of Department of Economics, Prithvi Narayan Campus, Tribhuvan University, Pokhara (Volume XI, No. 1, June 2013). Through the publication of this journal Department of Economics has been making efforts to promote the general advancement of economic knowledge, information and techniques of analysis since 1981. Our aim is to continue this tradition by publishing highly academic and policy oriented research papers and to provide platforms for enthusiastic scholars who like to publish their scholarly and analytical paper based on fresh research on the issues of interest around the discipline of economics. This issue incorporates analytical articles of contemporary issues of economy ranging from impact of public expenditure, natural resource use, micro-insurance, tourism trends, food security, recreational demand to impact of global recession.</p><p>Editorial board strongly believe that University Departments should engage in research and disseminate the ideas and findings to the scientific community for the enlightenment of knowledge, not just to deliver the existing knowledge in class rooms; it will not only enrich field of knowledge but also inspire the fresh graduates towards the culture of scientific research and thoughtful writings. If this publication contributed something to strengthen the culture, we will feel great satisfaction. It is, however, up to the reader to evaluate our endeavour.</p><p> It was not possible to offer this volume to the esteemed readers without the contributions of the authors of articles included in this issue. The board, therefore, reverentially acknowledge the authors who have contributed to the journal. We would also like to thank to those who have assisted us in the course of this publication. Special thanks go to the campus administration for encouragement and support in various ways. The editorial board welcomes all the noble thoughts, constructive comments an</p>

A Job Well Done

Soybean is one of the world’s most important crops, offering a stable source of materials for food, feed, industrial, and pharmaceutical applications. Soybean seeds contain a high content of nutritious protein and oil, and assume an important part of traditional foods in many Asian countries, including Japan. They are also abundant in physiologically active metabolites and functional proteins, and are used as an affordable source of foods that promote and maintain health. Soybean also contributes to soil fertility through nitrogen fixation via symbiotic root bacteroids. Indeed, soybean production has increased the most of all major crops in response to recent increases in global demand for produce. The genomic era is now arriving in soybean, as in other many crops. The release of a genome assembly of the US cultivar ‘Williams 82’ from the US Department of Energy (DOE) Joint Genome Institute (JGI) in 2008 and its publication in 2010 has had a great impact on the understanding of gene function and breeding of soybean. In Japan, a soybean genome project was launched in 2007 with the financial support of the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (MAFF) through its Genomics for Agricultural Innovation. The project consists of three parts: (1) the construction of linkage and physical maps of soybean, and genome sequencing of the Japanese cultivar ‘Enrei’; (2) the identification of genes responsible for agriculturally important traits; and (3) the development of DNA markers for important traits and for the breeding of new lines. Target traits include flood tolerance, disease and pest resistance, and physiological and morphological characters related to productivity. The third part of the project was expanded in a new MAFF project (Development of Mitigation and Adaptation Techniques for to Global Warming in the Sectors of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries) from 2011. In addition, the National Bio-Resource Project (NBRP) Lotus and Glycine, promoted by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT), has supported the development of soybean genomic research through the collection, conservation, and distribution of bioresources such as experimental strains, mutants, and cDNA libraries since 2003. All of these activities will boost soybean breeding and science into a new stage in the genomic era. Taking this opportunity, the editorial board of the Japanese Society of Breeding (JSB) decided to dedicate this special issue of Breeding Science to recent domestic and international advances in soybean genetics, genomics, and breeding. The contents comprise several reviews of the extensive knowledge of genomic and genetic resources, key technologies, and agriculturally important traits for understanding gene function and soybean improvement. Original research articles support the key concepts of the review articles. Through this special issue, the editorial board members and the participants hope to contribute to and facilitate further successful improvement of this valuable crop. Members of JSB and several non-member authors willingly accepted an invitation to contribute to this special issue. All the manuscripts were peer-reviewed by a number of local and international scientists. We take this opportunity to thank our colleagues J. Abe, S. Akada, H. Akamatsu, S.B. Cannon, H. Funatsuki, M. Hajika, T. Han, Y. Hayano-Saito, M. Hayashi, A. Kaga, A. Kanazawa, H. Kato, K. Komatsu, Y. Kuroda, B. Liu, K. Naito, K. Nishizawa, S. Sakai, S. Sato, T. Sayama, M. Senda, J. Smith, P. Somta, A. Suzuki, N. Tomooka, D. Vaughan, Y. Wang, S. Watanabe, D. Xu, T. Yamada, N. Yamagishi, N. Yamanaka, H. Yasui, T. Yokoyama for their participation in the review process. Their constructive comments have been invaluable in improving the quality of the articles. Thirteen review papers, ten research papers, and one short communication were accepted for publication. The editors working on the special issue were J. Abe, T. Anai, D. Vaughan, D. Xu, and M. Ishimoto, and the technical editors were N. Tomooka and F. Taguchi-Shiobara. In closing, we would like to acknowledge the two research projects promoted by MAFF, as well as the NBRP Lotus and Glycine promoted by MEXT, for sponsoring this special issue of Breeding Science.

The NFOG has appointed me as the Chief Editor of AOGS starting January 2015. AOGS is a rather mature journal in our specialty. It has been published every year since 1921, which is just a year later than the American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. It has been published every year with the exception of 1944, when the printing was prevented by the World War II 1. It is a great honor to become the 12th Chief Editor of a journal with such a long tradition and history, but I am acutely aware that it comes with a considerable responsibility. I have been appointed at a time when the journal is doing quite well. Therefore my real task will be keeping the journal in good health and maintaining its growth and wellbeing by promoting good practices. Thanks to my predecessor Prof. Reynir T. Geirsson's untiring effort in promoting AOGS, his empowering attitude towards the junior scientists as well as more accomplished academicians and meticulous editorial work, our journal is in good shape. Its impact factor has been increasing steadily and reached 2.005 in 2014. Despite many controversies, the bibliographic surrogates still remain important in academic communities and we will continue our efforts in improving our journal's impact factor. However, our focus will be on improving the quality of publications and their visibility, assuring ethical conduct in research, promoting dissemination of important findings and improving service to our authors. We urge scientists to send their best research to AOGS. We have a devoted team of editors overseeing the scientific rigor and a solid base of international referees providing competent evaluation of the manuscripts submitted to our journal. We enjoy a very healthy relation with our publisher, Wiley-Blackwell, and together we aim to provide highest quality service to our authors. We would like to emphasize that AOGS is an international journal reporting in all aspects of women's health. The journal is owned by NFOG but it has complete editorial freedom. We welcome submissions from all over the world. We want to publish research that has an impact on women's healthcare and has potential to improve the wellbeing of the society. We encourage good quality research from low resource countries that may benefit women and children living under vulnerable and deprived conditions. We have been a predominantly clinical journal, but our new strategy is to increase the proportion of basic science articles relevant to the specialty of obstetrics and gynecology. We will also consider publishing good quality experimental research that has a clear translational value. We have plans to substantially cut down our manuscript handling time. We have introduced fast-track review process for important research articles with potential for breaking news or leading to a change in clinical practice. Articles published in AOGS frequently receive media attention. Together with our publishers, we are focusing more on improving the visibility of individual articles to increase their clinical as well as social impact. To do this we want to engage the authors in disseminating their research to the public who are the real beneficiary of their scientific work. No doubt our journal is international, but the word “Scandinavica” in our journal's relatively long name remains a “trademark” of Nordic quality since its inception, and we will not compromise on the quality. Other things we really value are fairness, openness, democracy, gender equality and responsible ethical conduct. We plan to renew our International Editorial Board and seek representation from all the continents. We want our Editorial Board to be competent, dynamic and willing to contribute to the advancement of our journal. We are fully aware that the reviewers are the gatekeepers of our journal who empower the authors by providing critical but constructive comments, feedback and suggestions helping them to improve their manuscripts, and help us to avoid publishing substandard work. We will broaden and consolidate our reviewer base to ensure further quality assurance. As the new Chief Editor, I would like to request all the Nordic colleagues (obstetricians and gynecologists as well as others working in the related areas), academicians, scientists and clinicians alike, to support AOGS. It is your journal and its success depends on your good will. AOGS has done really well recently due to the hard work of my predecessor, the editors, and the reviewers especially from the Nordic countries. We will do even better if you also supported us by sending your best research. We have to have confidence in our own journal, trust and support ourselves before we can ask support from others.

Bentham Science Publishers would like to thank and appreciate the co-operation from all reviewers (Editorial Board & External Reviewers) for their constructive comments and feedback on the manuscripts submitted to Recent Patents on Inflammation & Allergy Drug Discovery. Their efforts have contributed greatly to the high quality and continuous growth of the journal. Given below is the list of reviewers who reviewed articles received for the Journal during 2011-2012:.....

We have seen an explosion of interest and endeavor in the field of biomarker research in recent years. However, we are only just beginning to see the benefits within the clinic. The next decade will see a massive increase in our understanding and in the true utility of biomarkers in healthcare, and the advances will be driven both by the inspiring opportunities from a patient perspective and also by economic and commercial imperatives. As biomarker research and applications evolve, Biomarkers in Medicine will provide a critical overview of the advances and explore their potential relevance in the clinical setting. The conception and launch of Biomarkers in Medicine has been a stimulating and enjoyable experience for all of the team involved and I must thank Scott Waldman for his enlightening insights only 1 year ago that led to the inception of this multidisciplinary journal. Some of the clearest illustrations of the value of biomarkers have can be seen within the oncology field. However, future potential spans a range of therapeutic areas, and Senior Editors Scott Waldman and Andre Terzic have together established an outstanding editorial advisory team who are representative of this multidisciplinary focus and are drawn from a range of organizations with a stake in biomarker research, including academia, clinical centers, the pharmaceutical industry, regulatory organizations and biotechnology. I would like to thank the Editorial Board for their continued support and advice as the project has developed. The Senior Editors, Editorial Board and publishing team alike are delighted with the launch issue and we all give our thanks to the authors who have contributed and placed their trust in this new venture. I should emphasize that each of the articles we publish is subject to peer review by three independent experts and thanks must also go to our referees for their timely and constructive comments. Over the past year, we have established stimulating and rewarding relationships within a vibrant and diverse community, and I hope that these are the first of many.

Peer review

Happy 25th Anniversary, EurJOC!

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The “Vitamine” Hypothesis and Deficiency Diseases (McCollum, E. V., and Pitz, W. (1917) J. Biol. Chem. 31, 229–253) Studies on Experimental Rickets. XXI. An Experimental Demonstration of the Existence of a Vitamin Which Promotes Calcium Deposition (McCollum, E. V., Simmonds, N., Becker, J. E., and Shipley, P. G. (1922) J. Biol. Chem. 53, 293–312) The Effect of Additions of Fluorine to the Diet of the Rat on the Quality of the Teeth (McCollum, E. V., Simmonds, N., Becker, J. E., and Bunting, R. W. (1925) J. Biol. Chem. 63, 553–562) Elmer Verner McCollum was one of the giants of nutritional biochemistry. He was born and raised in Kansas and attended the University of Kansas. His studies were initially directed toward medicine, but he eventually decided that chemistry better captured his interests, and he completed his work for a Masters degree in chemistry at Kansas. He was accepted into the Ph.D. program at the Sheffield Scientific School at Yale. One of his classmates at Yale was Stanley R. Benedict, the subject of a previous JBC Classic (1.Benedict S.R. JBC ClassicsJ. Biol. Chem. 1908; 5 (http://www.jbc.org/cgi/content/full/277/16/e5): 485-487Google Scholar). McCollum completed his Ph.D. work in 2 years and, given the lack of university positions, stayed at Yale for another year working with T. B. Osborne and Lafayette B. Mendel on problems of plant protein composition and diet. This work was influential to McCollum's career, and Mendel helped McCollum secure a faculty position at the University of Wisconsin. (The work of Osborne and Mendel was the subject of a previous installment of JBC Classics (2.Osborne T.B. Mendel L.B. JBC ClassicsJ. Biol. Chem. 1916; 25 (1917) J. Biol. Chem. 31, 149–163 (http://www.jbc.org/cgi/content/full/277/18/e7): 1-12Abstract Full Text PDF Google Scholar).) On arrival at Wisconsin, McCollum was assigned to the famous heifer project. Three groups of heifers were fed restricted diets from single plant sources: wheat, corn, and oat. A fourth group of animals was fed all three plants. The animals fed all three plants did remarkably better, but there was no satisfactory explanation for the difference. McCollum decided that“ the most important problem in nutrition was to discover what was lacking in such diets” (3.Day H.G. Biographical Memoir of Elmer Verner McCollum. 45. National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D. C.1974: 263-335Google Scholar). He decided that nutritional studies would benefit from using small animals with short lifespans. He started with a colony of wild rats he had captured himself, but these quickly proved unsatisfactory, and he persuaded his Dean to allow him to purchase 12 albino rats even though the purchase was with his own funds. This colony of rats was the first established in the United States for nutritional studies (3.Day H.G. Biographical Memoir of Elmer Verner McCollum. 45. National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D. C.1974: 263-335Google Scholar). McCollum first proposed that the nutritive failure of certain diets was due to a lack of “palatability.” He proposed that if a diet could be made to taste good with flavor additives and the animals induced to eat larger quantities, the diets would be adequate. This hypothesis, and the supporting data, were criticized by Osborne and Mendel who demonstrated that plant protein diets were not adequate unless protein-free milk was added as a supplement. In some of their papers, Mendel and Osborne suggested that McCollum had been careless in some of his experiments (3.Day H.G. Biographical Memoir of Elmer Verner McCollum. 45. National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D. C.1974: 263-335Google Scholar). This criticism was no doubt painful especially coming form his mentors at Yale. McCollum acknowledged this error and rededicated himself to more careful analyses including an analysis of the growth-promoting factor(s) in protein-free milk, which then led to the isolation of the first known fat-soluble vitamin, later to be called vitamin A. In 1916 McCollum and C. Kennedy, concerned with the growing confusion about nomenclature for dietary factors, proposed an alphabetical designation preceded by a notation of the solubility of the factor, thus fat-soluble A and water-soluble B. This was the beginning of the common nomenclature for vitamins. In 1917, McCollum accepted the position of professor and head of the Department of Chemical Hygiene, later Biochemistry, in the newly formed School of Hygiene and Public Health at Johns Hopkins University. He had a distinguished research career supplemented by great public service including service on many government boards and panels and international nutrition organizations. Through his research and public service, McCollum, probably more than anyone, influenced human dietary policy and practices. In a commentary on his life, Time magazine stated, “He has done more than any other man to put vitamins back in the nation's bread and milk, to put fruit on American breakfast tables, fresh vegetables and salad greens in the daily diet” (3.Day H.G. Biographical Memoir of Elmer Verner McCollum. 45. National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D. C.1974: 263-335Google Scholar). McCollum was involved in many policy debates including one over the best strategy to fortify bread. He had shown, and publicized, that white bread was nutritionally deficient. With the development of synthetic vitamins, it was proposed that bread and flour be enriched with thiamin, niacin, and iron. This effort was lead by the Food and Nutrition Board of the National Research Council. McCollum was a member of the Board but disagreed and was strongly critical of the recommendation because supplementation with such nutrients failed to make up for all the losses suffered during milling wheat. As a result of his disagreement with the other members of the Board, his Board colleagues changed his status from Board member to panel member. As a panel member he was not invited to any of the Board meetings (3.Day H.G. Biographical Memoir of Elmer Verner McCollum. 45. National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D. C.1974: 263-335Google Scholar). The McCollum papers reprinted in this installment of JBC Classics are intended to represent a career. The first paper describes the controversy of the time about the “vitamine hypothesis” and also presents the kind of data characteristic of nutritional studies for many years. The second paper details the discovery of a growth substance distinct from vitamin A, later known as vitamin D, and necessary for bone formation. The third paper describes the role of fluoride in preventing tooth decay and eventually led to the widespread addition of fluoride to water supplies and toothpaste and a dramatic reduction in the frequency of dental caries in the United States. 1Harry G. Day was a student in McCollum's department at Johns Hopkins. He, along with his students and colleagues at the University of Indiana and collaborators at Procter and Gamble, developed stannous fluoride as the first fluoride supplement for toothpaste, i.e. Crest.1Harry G. Day was a student in McCollum's department at Johns Hopkins. He, along with his students and colleagues at the University of Indiana and collaborators at Procter and Gamble, developed stannous fluoride as the first fluoride supplement for toothpaste, i.e. Crest. McCollum was a member of the Journal of Biological Chemistry (JBC) Editorial Board and, in 1927 and 1928, President of the American Society of Biological Chemists (ASBC).

The advent of a new millennium has also seen the emergence of a new specialty in science – nanomedicine. Born from explosion in nanotechnology research throughout the 1990s, the field of nanomedicine promises to expand and evolve, with tantalizing prospects for patient benefit in the coming decades. In these exciting times, Nanomedicine will provide a critical overview at the very forefront of these advances as they unfold, exploring their potential relevance in a clinical setting. From the first issue, Nanomedicine intends to keep a firm finger on the pulse of developments, with invited experts addressing the most important topics in a clear and authoritative way. Each article is structured to render the content as accessible to the reader as possible. Compiling the launch issue and ensuring a healthy flow of topical material for future issues has been a major effort, and many people have given generously of their time and expertise. Particular thanks must go to Dr Kostas Kostarelos and Professor Charles Martin, Senior Editors of the journal, who have both been steadfast in their belief in Nanomedicine, providing insight, advice and their time and effort whenever required. I would also like to thank Professor Alexander Florence for early advice and discussions as well as the international Editorial Board for their continued support and input. Of course, this issue could not exist without the authors who have placed their trust in this new venture. Our thanks go to all of them as well as the independent experts who acted as peer reviewers and provided timely and constructive comments. All the articles published in Nanomedicine are subject to peer review by at least three independent experts, ensuring highquality, robust content throughout. The Nanomedicine team has already established strong and rewarding relationships within the research

The Editorial Board is most grateful to those who review the articles submitted to BJOT. This ensures that a peer review procedure Is maintained and acts as a means of quality assurance. The following reviewers are thanked for their constructive comments during 1996.