Abstract
Low cost automation could be regarded as cheap hardware with a low performance. But the cost effective life cycle of an automation system: design, production, operation, maintenance, refitting, and human skill has to be considered. Despite relative expensive components the complete automation system can be cheap with respect to operation and maintenance. As examples are discussed numerical controls of machine tools embedded in a work organization with a flat hierarchy, shop floor control with distributed information processing and decentralized decision making and retrofitting of automation systems. Low Cost Automation is a cross sectional area benefiting from methodologies and developments of other fields of automatic control.
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