Manufacturing methods, bonding mechanisms, and mechanical properties of titanium/steel clad plates

Effect of interlayer material and rolling temperature on microstructures and mechanical properties of titanium/steel clad plates

Influence of annealing on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Ti/steel clad plates fabricated via cold spray additive manufacturing and hot-rolling

SiC particle-reinforced Ti/Al/Ti clad plates were successfully fabricated by the powder-in-tube method. The surface micrography, element diffusion, peeling strength and tensile property of clad plates were studied after annealing and cold rolling. The experimental results show that 6 wt.% is optimal. The presence of SiC particles has been seen to significantly enhance the diffusion of Ti and Al elements. Additionally, it has been observed that the diffusion width of the intermetallic compound (IMC) increases as the size of SiC particles grows. However, it is worth noting that the average of Ti/Al–SiC/Ti clad plates initially increases and subsequently falls. The optimized diffusion thickness of the Ti/Al–SiC/Ti clad plate’s IMC layer determined via the powder-in-tube method is approximately 4.5 μm. The 1 μm SiC-reinforced Ti/Al/Ti clad plate can obtain the best mechanical properties after annealing at 500 °C and further hot rolling, and the peeling strength, ultimate tensile strength and elongation are 31.5 N/mm, 305 MPa and 26%, respectively. The efficacy of Ti/Al–SiC/Ti clad plates in delivering exceptional performance is substantiated by the analysis of peeling surfaces, peeling tests and tensile testing, which collectively demonstrate the presence of compact and homogenous intermetallic compounds.

Bilayer metallic structural components in the form of clad plates are often used owing to their superior environmental and mechanical properties. During the service life of these components, cracks or cracklike defects may be developed in the clad layer and may grow into the substrate. To repair the damaged regions, local repair welding techniques are often used. The presence of this repair welded part may affect the deformation behaviour, and hence yield load level, of the structure. Therefore, in the present paper, new analytical tensile yield load solutions for centre cracked clad steel plates (austenitic cladding on a ferritic substrate) with a repair weld have been developed and these provide good agreement with experimental results. Additionally, a previously reported tensile yield load expression for a centre cracked clad plate (without a repair weld) has also been verified using the experimental results.

Microstructural evolutions and mechanical characteristics of roll-bonding Mg/Al clad plate regulated by cold spraying micron particle interlayer

The corrugated + flat rolling (CFR) and traditional rolling (TR) methods were used to prepare Mg/Al clad plates using AZ31B Mg and 5052 Al plates, and the interface morphologies and mechanical properties of the resulting clad plates were compared. Examination of the microstructures of the plates showed that the TRed Mg/Al clad plate presented a straight interface, while a corrugated interface containing fractured intermetallic particulates was observed for the CFRed plate due to the inhomogeneous strain induced by the corrugated roller. During the CFR process, the corrugated roller can accelerate the rupture of the substrate work-hardening layers and facilitate the mutual extrusion of fresh metals to enhance the interface bonding. Compared with the traditional basal texture of the Mg alloy, the CFR process can change the texture morphology, thereby enhancing the plastic deformation ability of the Mg plate. Tensile tests showed that the CFRed Mg/Al clad plate exhibited a higher ultimate tensile strength (UTS, 316 MPa), which was ~ 8% higher than that of the TRed plate (293 MPa). In addition, the bending curve of the CFRed clad plate was smooth and there was no stress sudden drop phenomenon in the bending process. The higher UTS and excellent bending properties of the CFRed clad plate could be attributed to the enhanced coordinated deformation ability of the substrates induced by the corrugated interface, grain refinement, and the change in the Mg alloy texture morphology.

Microstructural evolutions and mechanical characteristics of Ti/steel clad plates fabricated through cold spray additive manufacturing followed by hot-rolling and annealing

Research on microstructure and mechanical properties of TC4/304 clad plates by asymmetric rolling with local strong stress

Interface enhancement mechanism of rolled Mg/Al clad plate with particle interface control

The mechanical properties and interface damage characteristics of hot-rolled bonded stainless steel/carbon steel (SS/CS) clad plate with thin cladding were investigated. The focus is on mechanical property-microstructure relationships in shear deformation. In detail, the mechanical response of the cladding components and clad plate were characterized. Then a hybrid numerical–experimental identification procedure for the cohesive zone model (CZM) in the simulation of heterogeneous SS/CS interface using finite element (FE) method was developed. A mixed-mode bilinear CZM, considering the anisotropy of the thin cladding was coupled FE model, showing a high accuracy for predicting the shear deformation behavior. The results showed obvious differences in the microstructure and mechanical properties of the SS and CS layers and the formation of an inhomogeneous interfacial layer. Additionally, the bond strength and delamination position of SS/CS clad plate are highly dependent on the interfacial oxide distribution and elemental diffusion behavior. Interestingly, the thin cladding is subjected to bending moments in shear deformation, resulting in delamination of the interface that is not completely dominated by one shear mode. And these abrupt interfacial failures could be clarified via stress-strain state and local damage analysis of the well-reproduced FE model of cladding material.

In this study, a Ti/Al clad plate was prepared by differential temperature rolling, where only the titanium layer is heated. The effects of the rolling reduction and Ti layer heating temperature on the shear strength and interface of Ti/Al clad plates were investigated. The results indicate that when the titanium layer was heated to 800° and the rolling reduction was 50%, the shear strength of the titanium/aluminum clad plates interface reached 107.5 MPa, which is close to the shear strength of aluminum matrix, and the fracture surface presented ductile fracture characteristics. During the heating process, an oxide layer was produced on the surface of the titanium plates. However, the oxide layer was completely broken with a large rolling reduction, and then, aluminum metal extruded into the cracks and made contact with fresh titanium metal. Under the action of high pressure and high temperature, Ti and Al atoms mutually diffuse so that the Ti/Al clad plates achieved a strong metallurgical bond.

Owing to excellent corrosion resistance, antifriction property, and economic efficiency, H62/Q235B explosive clad plates have been widely used in various fields. Therefore, detailed and systematic study into the microstructure and mechanical properties of this clad material is necessary. In this paper, the composition, microstructure, and mechanical properties of H62/Q235B explosive clad plates were analyzed by optical metallographic observation, mechanical tests, scanning electron microscope (SEM) observation, and energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) analysis. The results showed that the bonding interface of this clad plate was periodical wavy, and the interface was bonded in two ways, one through wide transition layer with a width up to 280 μm while the other by narrow transition layer with a width less than 20 μm. The major structural components in the transition layer were supersaturated solid solutions. The microhardness of the transition layer was higher than that of base metals, and the microhardness of the base plates in the region near the bonding interface was affected by both force and heat. The shear strength of the H62/Q235B clad plate showed an obvious characteristic of anisotropy. Furthermore, the clad plate tended to crack along the transition layer when it was stretched because of the discontinuity of plastic deformation across H62/Q235B interface.

In this paper, the change in the mechanical properties of a composite plate was studied using the heat treatment method, and it was found that the performance of the composite plate was greatly improved under the process of quenching at 900 °C and tempering at 200 °C. The hot-rolled NM500/Q345 clad plates were subjected to heat treatment tests of 860 °C, 900 °C, and 940 °C austenitization + 200 tempering. With the help of an optical microscope, scanning electron microscope, EBSD, and transmission electron microscope, the microstructure, interface element distribution, and defect composition at the composite bonding interface of hot rolling and heat treatment were analyzed. An analysis and friction and wear tests were carried out on the wear resistance of the clad NM500. It was found that the microstructure of the NM500/Q345 clad plate before austenitization was mainly pearlite and ferrite, and both were transformed into lath martensite after austenitization. As the austenitization temperature increased, the size of the martensitic lath bundle also became coarse. After austenitization at 900 °C and tempering at 200 °C, the lath-like martensite structure of NM500 contained high-density dislocations between the laths. With the increase in the austenitization temperature, the surface Rockwell hardness showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing. The wear was the worst when the material was not quenched. When the clad plate was quenched at 900 °C and tempered at 200 °C, the wear of NM500 was the lightest; the maximum depth of the wear scar was 14 μm; the width was the narrowest, 0.73 mm; and the wear volume was the smallest, 0.0305 mm3.

In this study, different series of TA2/5083 cladding plates with and without the 1060 interlayers (0.3 and 0.5 mm thick) were manufactured via explosive welding. From the perspective of dynamics and energy, the perfectly inelastic collision theory and the momentum conservation theory were applied to calculate collision velocity and kinetic energy loss of each layer, thereby analyzing and studying the action mechanism of an interlayer in Ti/Al explosive welding. Microstructural work and mechanical tests were carried out to research the effect of the interlayer technique on the comprehensive properties of TA2/5083 explosive clads. The results indicated that the use of the interlayer technique could significantly reduce the collision velocity and actually divided the total kinetic energy loss of the flyer plate through multiple collision processes, thereby solving the problem of excessive kinetic energy loss in direct welding. The cladding plate manufactured via direct welding presented the planar interfacial morphology where the continue melting layer accompanied by a slender microcrack were observed, while the cladding plates with the interlayers exhibited good quality of bonding without major defects. In addition, the typical microstructures near the TA2/1060 interfaces, such as vortex and melting block, were reported. Mechanical tests of the three cladding plates found that the values of microhardness near the interfaces were increased due to the work hardening in explosive welding. The TA2/5083 cladding plate with a 0.3 mm thick 1060 interlayer had the highest tensile and shear strength, showing the best quality welded joint. The fractographic study indicated that ductile fracture was the main character.

High bonding strength of Ti /steel clad plates prepared by a developed electromagnetic induction heating followed by rolling