Mankind's place in the Universe

The Development of technology has a major impact on the development of Astronomy. The focus of this research is to analyze the impacts of the digitalization era on the development of Islamic astronomy discourses in Indonesia. This research is library research with a qualitative approach which aims to find out how the contribution of technology in the development of astronomy in Indonesia. The author's data sources in this study are scientific notes either in the form of books or notes from electronic media. The results of this study indicate that astronomy practitioners have made a new breakthrough in the development of astronomy, namely creating digital data-based applications to assist calculations. This scientific collaboration with technology and digitalization creates a harmony between astronomy and technology, thus making the study of astronomy in Indonesia more accommodating to digital era instead of just revolving around the study of science and religion.

This research discusses the contribution of Islamic civilization to the development of world science and technology and examines the role of Muslim scholars in shaping a scientific paradigm rooted in Islamic spiritual values and rationality. Based on the Eurocentric view dominating scientific historiography, the research gap identifies the urgent need for a comprehensive study that positions the Islamic contribution within an integrative, holistic, and value-based scientific paradigm. The novelty of this study lies in its comparative approach, demonstrating that Islamic scientific development possessed distinct epistemic, methodological, and ethical orientations thereby offering an alternative, ethically-oriented model of science insufficiently explored in previous research. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to reveal how Islam not only served as a medium for the transmission of knowledge from Greek civilization but also as an originator of a rational and ethical scientific method. This study uses a qualitative approach through a literature review by analyzing classical works of Muslim scholars and contemporary literature on the history of Islamic science. The results show that Muslim scholars such as Al-Battani, Al-Khawarizmi, Ibn Sina, and Al-Razi made fundamental contributions in the fields of astronomy, mathematics, medicine, and chemistry. Their contributions were not only technical but also epistemological, emphasizing the integration of revelation and reason as the foundation of knowledge pursuit. These findings indicate that the Islamic scientific paradigm is holistic, oriented toward public welfare, and rejects the dichotomy between science and religion. The implications of this research highlight the importance of reconstructing the epistemology of Islamic science in contemporary education and research contexts to build a just and sustainable civilization of knowledge. Thus, the reconstruction of Islamic science epistemology is not merely a historical endeavor, but a strategic step to rebuild the orientation of science rooted in the values of monotheism, ethics, and universal welfare. Penelitian ini membahas kontribusi peradaban Islam terhadap perkembangan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi dunia serta menguji peran para ilmuwan Muslim dalam membentuk paradigma ilmiah yang berakar pada nilai-nilai spiritual dan rasionalitas Islam. Berdasarkan pandangan Eurosentris yang mendominasi historiografi ilmiah, kesenjangan penelitian mengidentifikasi kebutuhan mendesak akan studi komprehensif yang memposisikan kontribusi Islam dalam paradigma ilmiah yang integratif, holistik, dan berbasis nilai. Kebaruan dari studi ini terletak pada pendekatan komparatifnya, yang menunjukkan bahwa perkembangan ilmu pengetahuan Islam memiliki orientasi epistemik, metodologis, dan etis yang berbeda, sehingga menawarkan model ilmu pengetahuan alternatif yang berorientasi etis yang belum cukup dieksplorasi dalam penelitian sebelumnya. Oleh karena itu, tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengungkapkan bagaimana Islam tidak hanya berfungsi sebagai media transmisi pengetahuan dari peradaban Yunani, tetapi juga sebagai pencetus metode ilmiah yang rasional dan etis. Studi ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif melalui tinjauan literatur dengan menganalisis karya-karya klasik para ilmuwan Muslim dan literatur kontemporer tentang sejarah ilmu pengetahuan Islam. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ilmuwan Muslim seperti Al-Battani, Al-Khawarizmi, Ibn Sina, dan Al-Razi memberikan kontribusi mendasar dalam bidang astronomi, matematika, kedokteran, dan kimia. Kontribusi mereka tidak hanya bersifat teknis tetapi juga epistemologis, menekankan integrasi wahyu dan akal sebagai fondasi pencarian pengetahuan. Temuan-temuan ini mengindikasikan bahwa paradigma ilmiah Islam adalah holistik, berorientasi pada kesejahteraan publik, dan menolak dikotomi antara sains dan agama. Implikasi dari penelitian ini menyoroti pentingnya merekonstruksi epistemologi ilmu pengetahuan Islam dalam konteks pendidikan dan penelitian kontemporer untuk membangun peradaban pengetahuan yang adil dan berkelanjutan. Dengan demikian, rekonstruksi epistemologi ilmu pengetahuan Islam bukan sekadar upaya historis, melainkan langkah strategis untuk membangun kembali orientasi ilmu pengetahuan yang berakar pada nilai-nilai tauhid, etika, dan kesejahteraan universal.

Ibn al-Haitham, a Muslim scientist from the 10th to 11th century CE, is known as a pioneer in the fields of optics and astronomy. His contributions to the development of modern science often receive insufficient attention, despite their significant impact. This study aims to explore the extent to which Ibn al-Haitham's thoughts influenced the development of Islamic astronomy, particularly in the context of optical instruments, using a literature review method. The results of the research show that Ibn al-Haitham adopted an experimental and mathematical approach to astronomy, which differed from the traditional views of his time. He critiqued Ptolemy's theory and made significant contributions to understanding astronomical phenomena such as eclipses and starlight. One of his significant achievements was the development of a method for determining the direction of the qibla using trigonometry, as well as the combination of empirical observation with mathematical analysis, which became the basis for the modern scientific method in astronomy. Ibn al-Haitham's influence on the development of Islamic astronomy is particularly evident in the evolution of optical instruments. His concept of the camera obscura became the foundation for the evolution of telescopes, theodolites, and instruments for observing the new moon. The optical principles he discovered played a major role in improving the accuracy of astronomical measurements and the development of more advanced observational technologies. His understanding of the behavior of light and image formation became the basis for the development of modern astronomical instruments. Although his thinking had some limitations, such as dependence on Aristotelian cosmological concepts, Ibn al-Haitham's contributions remain a critical foundation for the advancement of Islamic astronomy and astronomy as a whole. His progressive thinking and systematic scientific approach have had a long-lasting influence on the development of science. His intellectual legacy not only demonstrates his individual genius but also affirms the important role of Muslim scientists in advancing global scientific knowledge.

With the development of laser technology and astronomy, optical frequency comb (OFC), as a special kind of laser source, is widely used in the fields of laser ranging, spectroscopy and precision measurement. Especially in astrometry, the use of OFC in wavelength calibration is significance for the development of modern astronomy. However, the current calibration light source from 350nm to 400nm is not available, and the repetition frequency of direct output of the OFC is too low. This paper intends to obtain 390nm OFC by the use of frequency multiplication of 1560nm laser, and research on the methods to improve repetition frequency by Fabry-Perot filter technology. Relevant techniques and methods are improved through the research on experiments.

Over its more than 30-year history, the Advanced Technologies and Instrumentation (ATI) program has provided grants to support technology development and instrumentation for ground-based astronomy. Through a combination of automated literature assessment and in-depth literature review, we present a survey of ATI-funded research and its impact on astronomy and society. Award acknowledgment and literature citation statistics for ATI are comparable to a comparison astronomy grant program that does not support technology development. Citation statistics for both NSF-funded programs exceed those of the general astronomical literature. Numerous examples demonstrate the significant, long-term impact of ATI-supported research in astronomy. As part of this impact, ATI grants have provided many early career researchers the opportunity to gain critical professional experience. However, technology development unfolds over a time period that is longer than an individual grant. A longitudinal perspective shows that investments in technology and instrumentation have led to extraordinary scientific progress.

Astronomy is a study of the sky. In the development of astronomy and the development of times in the field of science, many astronomical instruments were found, which were useful in research in the field of astronomy. One of the most popular and cannot be taken from astronomy is the telescope. The beginning of the discovery of the telescope originated from its discovery, and at that time a discovery was made that could be used in observing distant objects known with optical telescopes. The more advanced the development of technology, the telescope was found with a new model that uses elekromagnektik waves obtained from radio waves, this telescope is known as a radio telescope. Keywords: Astronomy, Optical Telescope, Radio Telescope

Poe in Cyberspace Technology, Magic, and Quack Physics

The first true space observatories incorporating imaging telescopes and providing access to the soft X-ray band, but providing some overlapping response into the EUV were flown in the late 1970s and early 1980s. With the Einstein and European X-ray Astronomy Satellite (EXOSAT) satellites, launched in 1978 and 1983 respectively, long exposure times coupled with high point source sensitivity became available to high-energy astronomers for the first time. This progress depended mainly on developments in optics and detector technology but also coincided with a more sophisticated understanding of the physical processes involved in soft X-ray and EUV emission and a better appreciation of the potential significance of observations in these wavebands. This chapter describes the Einstein and EXOSAT missions detailing both the telescope and detector technology. Developments in the understanding of the physical emission processes are outlined to set the context for discussion of the most significant results from these observatories, relevant to the broad field of EUV astronomy.

Following the detection of extraterrestrial radio waves in 1932 by Karl Jansky, radio astronomy developed quickly after World War II. It established itself soon as a new branch of astronomy with today's outstanding record in the detection of new phenomena in space. These have been honoured by a number of Nobel prizes. Radio astronomy largely depends on technical developments in receiver technology, antenna systems, electronics and computing power. Ever shorter wavelengths down to the submm-wavelength range became accessible, resulting in new exciting discoveries. However, now and in future care must be taken, in particular for the lower frequency range, of harmful man-made interferences, which might mask the weak signals from space. New international facilities with orders-of-magnitude higher sensitivity like ALMA and SKA are planned or under construction. Space-borne observatories like PLANCK will detect weak fluctuations of the cosmic microwave background, which will constrain cosmological models with an unprecedented accuracy.

The development of radio astronomy is closely linked with progress in microwaves. Some of the first applications of new microwave devices were for radio observations of the universe. Radio astronomy which started at metre wavelengths has first moved to centimetre waves, is presently operating at millimetres and is now moving into the submillimetre range. As a result of this vast frequency span many different microwave techniques are used. Antenna construction (surface accuracy) had to keep pace with the desired frequency range. At the shortest wavelengths the development of carbon-fibre technology helped to make efficient antennas. At the highest frequencies (and at the lowest) space projects are under consideration to get away from atmospheric (ionospheric) propagation problems. The receivers in all frequency ranges must have the most sensitive state of art detectors. In the millimetre range Schottky-Barrier (S-B) mixer receivers are only slowly being replaced by the SIS (Superconductor-Insulator-Superconductor) detector. In centimetre and long millimetre waves the availability of FET and HEMT amplifiers has led to a number of multichannel projects. At submillimetre wavelengths, the last unexplored spectral range, new receiver developments are pushing the sensitivity further all the time. The use of microwaves has given us a new understanding of the universe. The opening up of new spectral ranges as a result of the development of microwaves gave us new horizons in radio astronomy.

Planetary Science in Ethiopia research has been emerged in Ethiopia based on the establishment of Entoto Observatory and Research Center (EORC) as well as special commencement of special graduate in three specialized fields such as (astronomy and astrophysics, space science, remote sensing and Geodesy). The installation of the twining optical telescope and ratification of national space policy has opened many opportunities to focus of planetary science research and training in Ethiopia.  Ethiopia has progressed in research, training, and technology and infrastructure development in planetary science, space technology and astronomy. This paper will focus on planetary science and related activities, current development and future prospects.

This paper begins by reviewing the development of gravitational wave astronomy from the first predictions of gravitational waves to development of technologies across the entire gravitational wave spectrum, and then focuses on the current status of ground based gravitational wave detectors. With substantial improvements already demonstrated in early commissioning it is emphasised that Advanced detectors are on track for first detection of gravitational waves. The importance of a worldwide array of detectors is emphasised, and recent results are shown that demonstrate the continued advantage of a southern hemisphere detector. Finally it is shown that a north–south pair of 8 km arm length detectors would give rise to a dramatic improvement in event rate, enabling a pair of detectors to encompass a 64-times larger volume of the universe, to conduct a census on all stellar mass black hole mergers to [Formula: see text] and to observe neutron star mergers to a distance of [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]800 Mpc.

<p indent="0mm">Black holes are arguably the most mysterious object in the universe. They are an important research subject in physics and astronomy, as well as a favorite topic among the general public. The concept was conceived in the 18th century based on the mathematical form of Newton’s gravitational theory. Now, more than <sc>200 years</sc> later, black-hole research has evolved from pure mathematical speculation to a “hard-core’’ science with sound theoretical and observational foundations. Many Noble prizes in physics were, in some degree, related to black holes. In particular, not long into the 21st century, three Nobels prizes in physics have been awarded to the studies directly related to black holes. Why is an object seemingly so disconnected with daily life attracting so much attention from the scientific community? By reviewing some of the most important breakthroughs over the history of studying black holes, I will try to show the readers that black-hole research is important. First, it has shaped our perception of space and time. The theory of general relativity predicts the existence, at least in theory, of black holes. However, it cannot self-consistently explain the existence of a singularity which is bound to form at the “center’’ of a black hole. The motivation of resolving the singularity problem has inspired the later studies of the quantum nature of black holes, but has also led to the discovery of the paradox of information loss. The potential solution of such a paradox has pointed to a more fundamental relationship between quantum mechanics and the nature of spacetime. Second, it has inspired a chain of scientific discoveries. Here, I will focus on the discoveries made by astronomers. I will show that the different approaches adopted by astronomers have given rise to a series of breakthroughs in black-hole research. These discoveries not only proved that black holes exist in our university, but also have greatly enriched our understanding of the formation and evolution of stars, galaxies, and even the whole universe. Third, black-hole research has triggered major technological developments in various fields. I will show that the history of discovering black holes is closely tied to the development of radio astronomy, X-ray detectors, measurement theory, as well as quantum technology. In particular, the requirements raised by the observation of black holes have, in turn, driven many technological breakthroughs. These breakthroughs have also resulted in inventions which have become important in our daily life. China is currently running and also planning many large-scale astronomy projects which list black holes as one of their major targets. These projects will place China in the forefront of scientific exploration and technological innovation, and probably open a new era of black-hole revolution.

A series of technological developments driven both by scientific pursuits, particularly Étienne-Jules Marey’s motion studies, and commercial reasons led to the birth of Lumières’ 1895 ‘cinematographe’. Its ability to automatically record a sequence of photographic images had previously been attained by Jules Janssen’s photographic revolver, an instrument developed to time with high precision the contact instants of the 1874 transit of Venus. While with this pedigree one might expect a rich use of movie cameras in astronomical observations after 1895, current historical accounts of the development of both cinema and astronomy usually cite none. Is this due to historiographical reasons and/or the new technology failed to become part of the astronomers’ observational toolkit? Analysing all astronomical movies attempted or shot between 1895 and 1914, we concluded that the low usage of movie cameras in this time period was a consequence of a lack of suitable observable subjects and the small film frames used. While new technological apparatus may open unexpected lines of scientific enquiry, they must also struggle to find a place and function against already established ones. It was precisely this inability to stand out that led to the astronomical moving pictures’ fate as a rarely used and indeed seldom useful technique.KeywordsScience moviesScientific filmsEarly cinemaCinema developmentAstronomySolar eclipses

After a brief description of the development of astronomy up to the nineteenth century, the discovery of electromagnetic waves by Maxwell and Hertz is discussed. These enabled the development of radio technology. When the short wave range began to be used, K. Jansky discovered the first signals of cosmic origin. Radio astronomy became established after 1945 and led to the discovery of numerous cosmic radio sources, the 21-cm radiation of hydrogen, the cosmic background radiation, and quasars and pulsars. Modern interferometric methods and data processing make spectacular images possible, e.g. that of a black hole. But also outside the large research facilities, one can deal with radio astronomy, as an example, the radio telescope of the Nuremberg Observatory is presented.KeywordsElectromagnetic wavesRadio technologyShort waveK. JanskyG. ReberRadio astronomyRadio telescope21-cm radiationCosmic background radiationQuasarPulsarEvent Horizon TelescopeBlack hole