Manejo de javalis (Sus scrofa) no Brasil: impactos na economia, no uso da terra e nas emissões de gases de efeito estufa

Trapping is an effective strategy for control of invasive wild pig (Sus scrofa), but eradication of populations via trapping alone typically is impractical throughout much of the species’ introduced range. Consequently, recovery of wild pig populations to pre-trapping levels following control is a major impediment to success of long-term control. In this study, we conducted camera-trap surveys to monitor recovery of two wild pig populations immediately following density reductions achieved via trapping on two sites on the Savannah River Site, SC. We used spatial capture-recapture models to estimate wild pig density during seven 3 week periods spanning 12 months to: (1) determine the time required for populations to recover to pre-trapping levels; and (2) evaluate trends in population growth, density, and distribution during recovery. Recovery of both wild pig populations started immediately after trapping ceased, with populations reaching pre-trapping levels in 3 and 5 months. Threeweek population growth rates for each wild pig population during recovery averaged 1.28 (range = 1.11–1.39 on site 1) and 1.24 (range = 0.64–1.92 on site 2), which corresponded to a 345% and 132% increase in abundance (an increase of 141 and 126 individual wild pigs on site 1 and 2, respectively) of each population by the last survey period. Rapid recovery and growth beyond pre-trapping levels of wild pig populations likely were driven by residual wild pigs not removed by trapping and compensatory reproduction and immigration. Our study is one of the first to provide information on how quickly wild pig populations can recover following overall density reductions of 54–68% and indicates practitioners should be prepared to reinitiate trapping efforts in as little as 3 months to prevent recovery of wild pig populations following control.

Free-ranging wild pig (Sus scrofa) populations may cause widespread environmental damage and transmit diseases at the wildlife-livestock interface. For example, African swine fever (ASF) is a highly contagious viral disease of pigs capable of causing catastrophic economic losses. Prevention and preparedness for ASF require understanding wild and domestic pig movements and distribution. We characterized a "grey" swine market and described the risks it poses, contributing to the threats associated with wild pig populations. We monitored www.kijiji.ca, a Canadian internet classified advertising service, for sales of domestic wild boar, pot-bellied pigs, other breeds, and their hybrids across Canada from 28 April to 30 June 2021. Data collected included seller-defined breed, age, sex, number for sale, sexual intactness, presence of identifying tags or tattoos, and the date and location of listings. Advertisement locations were mapped and compared with existing wild pig distributions, identifying areas new populations might be established, and existing populations supplemented or genetically diversified. We identified 151 advertisements on Kijiji: 34% (n=52/151) from Ontario, 29% (n=44/151) from Alberta, 41% (n=62/151) from existing wild pig populations, and 59% (n=89/151) from areas where wild pigs have not yet been identified. We propose requiring the use of individual animal identifiers (tags/tattoos), genetic analysis, and mandatory reporting for all pig sales in Canada to aid in ASF preparedness and to increase regulation and enforcement of the online swine market.

A study was carried out to evaluate and compare phenotypic characteristics of the two native pig populations in Sri Lanka as a part of a comprehensive study on characterization of native pigs, in order to assess the contribution of native populations in animal production. A total of 60 animals were randomly selected for phenotypic measurements of village pigs from Kalutara, Puttalam, Kurunegala and Chilaw, and the similar number of wild pigs was selected from Batticaloa, Polonaruwa, Anuradhapura, Kurunegala and Kandy areas according to their availability. Morphological characters were assessed to identify the phenotypic variation between village and wild pigs. The body shape, coat colour and presence of skin pigmentation of wild pigs differ from those characteristics observed in village pigs. Wild pigs predominantly showed an angular body shape and light brown coat colour without skin pigmentation. Both wild and village pigs showed similarities with respect to the length of hair, shape of the head and the size of the ear. The study further revealed that the village pigs were significantly different (P&lt;0.05) from wild pigs in their body weight, girth, height at withers and tail length while the body length and head dimensions of the two groups were not significantly different (P&lt;0.05). Female wild pigs were significantly different (P&lt;0.05) from female village pigs with respect to the body weight, girth size, body length and tail length. The mean number of teats that the female village pig and female wild pig possessed was 6.71&plusmn;0.46 and 5.40&plusmn;0.51, respectively. The results of this study revealed that the wild pigs exhibit similarities to village pigs for most of the qualitative traits and some quantitative traits, indicating that the village pig population in Sri Lanka has a close relationship with wild pig population. However, some animals in wild pig population showed different morphometry from that of village pig confirming that the wild pigs possess some specific characteristics as they are a unique population. <strong>Key words: </strong>Phenotypic variation; village pigs; wild pigs. &nbsp; DOI: <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/tar.v22i3.3705">http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/tar.v22i3.3705</a> &nbsp; <em>Tropical Agricultural Research </em>22(3) (2011) 324-329

Populations of wild pigs (Sus scrofa) are burgeoning around the globe, and they are currently the target of extensive research and management efforts. Wild pigs are a highly successful invasive species that cause extensive damage to agriculture and native plant and animal communities. Lethal control is the most common management strategy used to reduce wild pig populations and their damage, and many lethal strategies rely on luring wild pigs to a specific location. Most commonly, a food commodity such as corn or maize (Zea mays) is used for attracting wild pigs to a site, but baiting with food is sometimes prohibited under wildlife laws, and visitation can be variable due to availability of alternative foods, level of harassment by humans, and acceptance of novel food source, devices, and activity. Wild pigs are highly adaptable with refined senses that enable them to interact with their environment and conspecifics in a complex manner. Wild and domestic pigs share keen senses, though differences exist due to suppressed stimuli, evolutionary gains and losses, or other factors related to needs for survival and fitness. Wild pigs routinely rely on acute olfaction to locate food, detect predators, and communicate with conspecifics. A pig’s sense of taste is also considered to be refined and more acute than that of humans. An abundance of evaluations regarding various attractants for wild pigs has been conducted over the last several decades; yet, a scarcity of conclusive results on which attractants to use when and where still exists. As such, we undertook a comprehensive review of available information on potential attractants that could be used to aid management strategies of wild pigs such as hunting/shooting, trapping, pharmaceutical delivery, or density estimation. To complete this review, we assimilated and synthesized the most relevant literature, provide recommendations, and identify attractant evaluation needs for the enhancement of the global management of wild pigs.

This study investigates the relationship between high-tech product exports and economic growth in EU-15 countries between 1998-2017. The dataset composed of gross domestic product (GDP), high-technology exports (HT), labor force (LF), and gross fixed capital formation (PC). Dumitrescu &amp;amp; Hurlin Causality, Westerlund Cointegration and MG Estimator employed for the analyses. The short-term outcomes revealed a bidirectional causality between (a) HT and GDP, (b) LF and GDP, (c) PC and GDP, (d) LF and HT, (e) LF and PC, and (f) a unidirectional causality from HT to PC. Moreover, (i) a 1% raise in HT cause to 0.49 % increase in GDP, (ii) a 1% raise in LF cause to 0.22 % increase in GDP, (iii) a 1% raise in PC cause to 0.48 % increase in GDP. The long-term outcomes show that (i) a 1% raise in HT cause to a 0.34 % increase in GDP, (ii)a 1% raise in LF cause to a 7.4 % increase in GDP, (iii) a 1% raise in PC cause to a 0.33% increase in GDP. High-tech product exportation has a significant impact not only on economic growth, but also on gross fix capital formation and employment.

WILD PIGS: BIOLOGY, DAMAGE, CONTROL TECHINQUES AND MANAGEMENT

Simple SummaryNeospora caninum causes abortion and other reproductive challenges in livestock and leads to large economic losses every year. Wild pigs were evaluated for their potential role in the transmission of N. caninum, the parasite that causes neosporosis in cattle and other animals. Three assays were used to identify past or current exposure to N. caninum in wild pigs and histology was performed to determine if there was a pathology consistent with a N. caninum infection in the tissues that were evaluated. The following assays reported positive results: Kit A—67.8%, Kit B—12.5%, Indirect Fluorescent Antibody Test—84.1%, and Histology—0%. Importantly, the assays used in this study were not congruent with all duplicate samples or between test types and demonstrate the need for a more reliable test to identify N. caninum infections in wild pigs to better assess their potential role in disease transmission.Neospora caninum is a protozoan parasite, reported as a leading cause of cattle abortions and reproductive failure worldwide, costing the cattle industry approximately $1.3 billion annually. With wild pig (Sus scrofa) populations estimated at over six million in the United States, contact between wild pigs and livestock is inevitable, mainly because of the widespread geographic co-occurrence of the two species. As a known reservoir for numerous fungal, bacterial, viral and parasitic diseases, wild pigs are of particular importance for human and veterinary health relative to the prevention of infectious diseases. The seroprevalence of N. caninum in wild pig populations was previously documented in the United States, raising the question as to their exposure point of prevalence. This research screened 116 individual wild pigs for N. caninum using a variety of available assays. Using two different commercially available ELISA test kits, seroprevalence ranged from 12.5% to 67.8%. The Indirect Fluorescent Antibody Test resulted in our highest percent seroprevalence for these samples, at 84.1%. However, none of our samples showed any presence of N. caninum or associated pathologies via histological evaluation of representative tissues. Importantly, the assays used in this study were not congruent with all duplicate samples or between the test types used. The implications of these non-congruent results demonstrates that currently available testing assays produce variable results, underscoring the need for more reliable testing kits and a standardized methodology when assessing disease prevalence in wildlife, particularly for N. caninum in wild pigs, which impacts prevalence and comparability across studies.

A country's economic growth will be seen as having grown better or worse than in the past by measuring based on the increase in Gross Domestic Product (GDP). The pattern of Indonesian GDP from 2010 to 2022 shows that the data increases from year to year and there are seasonal fluctuations in the quarter. Holt Winters method is part of the Exponential Smoothing method used for forecasting if the data shows a trend and seasonality in the data pattern. The Holt Winters method has two models, namely additive and multiplicative. Holt Winters Additive is used if the data shows trends and seasonal patterns remain constant. Multiplicative Holt Winter is used if the data shows trends and seasonal patterns proportional to the average rate of the seasonal time series. The data used in this study are GDP Based on Current Prices (Nominal GDP) and GDP on the Basis of Constant Prices (Real GDP). Based on the evaluation of model performance using test data forecasting, the Holt Winters Multiplicative model of Nominal GDP with a MAPE value of 4,767535% is the best model because it has an accuracy value of &lt;10%. While the Holt Winters Additive model of Real GDP with a MAPE value of 4,42387% is also the best model because it has an accuracy value of &lt;10%.

This chapter analyzes the effect of government expenditure on economic growth, emphasizing real gross domestic product (GDP), real agricultural sector GDP, and real manufacturing sector GDP in African oil-producing countries. The analysis was carried out on the basis of the panel autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model with annual data from 1970 to 2018. The results are as follows. First, the output effect of government expenditure revealed that government expenditure impacted positively and insignificantly on real GDP in the long run. Second, at 1.1 percent, government expenditure exerts a positive significant effect on agricultural sector output in the long run. Third, the effect of government expenditure on the manufacturing sector was positive but insignificant in the long run. The latter outcome is similar to what was obtained with relationship between the aggregate output (real GDP) and government expenditure. Governments in oil-producing countries should rethink and use their expenditures to enhance growth-oriented fiscal strategies for the transmission of crude oil benefits while crude oil commodity remains relevant.

Wild pigs, present in over 140 (of 159) counties in Georgia, cause significant problems. They are hunted and trapped for recreation, yet they are responsible for over $150 million in damage to property and crops. Research suggests that the public has divergent approaches to wild pig control, lacks knowledge about effective control strategies, undertakes a range of legal and non-legal control activities, and suffers significant financial losses from wild pigs. Not all landowners experience similar amounts of damage and therefore attitudes regarding the significance of the wild pig problem in Georgia differ widely among citizens. Respondents from a previous wild pig survey in Georgia (farmers in ¼ of the state) felt most control measures were ineffective and that state and federal agencies should provide more assistance. Previous respondents perceived a decline in some native game species and blamed wild pigs. I conducted a statewide survey of 3,000 landowners in February 2015 to assess broader perceptions towards wild pigs, estimate economic losses from wild pig damage, and determine attitudes toward wild pigs. Overall response rate was 38% (n = 1,109). Analysis suggests that farmers have more direct contact than other landowners with wild pigs and therefore shoulder more of the costs related to damage (e.g., crop loss, food plot, and timber damage). Statewide, respondents favor measures to reduce wild pig populations. Respondents believe wild pig populations are increasing due to lack of hunting, natural reproductive potential, and illegal trap and transfer. Generally, respondents felt that self-implemented lethal control measures were not effective at reducing wild pig populations or damage.

The COVID-19 pandemic obliged the Romanian government to take drastic measures to contain the virus. More than this, they imposed the heaviest restrictions in the EU. For more than a month, during the lockdown period, everything stopped: schools and universities had only online classes, national and international flights and gatherings were forbidden, and many restrictions for travel were imposed. This paper analyzes the changes that occurred in electricity consumption linked with economic growth, during the pandemic, in Romania. For a better understanding of the correlations between gross domestic product (GDP) and electricity consumption (EC) in different economic contexts, the period 2008–2020 was divided into three series: the 2008–2012 financial crisis and the post-crisis recovery period, the 2013–2019 period of economic growth, and the Q1–Q3 2020 pandemic period. Using correlation coefficients and regression analysis, the authors found that the GDP decoupled from EC in the first period. The increase in GDP led to an increase in the consumption of electricity and the electricity produced from RESs in the second period. In Q3 2020, the real GDP is different from the calculated GDP, due to the pandemic. In Romania, the electricity consumption decreased within the first nine months of the pandemic due to the economic contraction. The electricity that comes from coal and hydropower plants suffered the biggest decrease. If the electricity that comes from NRESs can be adapted to the economic demands, the quantity of electricity that comes from RESs will be influenced by the climate conditions.

This study aims to determine the relationship between the population aged 30-34 years and inflation as measured by the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) deflator. The method used in this study is the Granger Causality Test. The impact of this research can be seen from this study's results, which is men aged 30-34 years are very influential in the economy. Moreover, most workers in this world are men. The population aged 30-34 greatly influences economic growth and inflation. The male population aged 30-34 has more influence on economic growth and inflation than the female population aged 30-34. In the opposite direction, an increase in unemployment causes GDP to grow more slowly or even fall. Labor is one of the factors driving GDP growth. Increased population growth also has a positive effect on government spending. However, the inflation rate will also have a negative impact on government spending. A high inflation rate can worsen the value of a country's real GDP. If GDP increases, then a country's economic growth is improving. And if the average rate of economic growth in a country from year to year is higher, the income per capita of the community will also increase.

The gross domestic product (GDP) is a significant indicator for evaluating the performance of an economy. The GDP of a nation can be used to get a sense of the size and health of that nation's economy. Indonesia is the only nation from Southeast Asia to be represented in the G20. All G20’s countries play vital roles in creating the economic landscape of the region, the world, and everything in between. This research is focused on the increase of the GDP in Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, and Brunei Darussalam. The spatial influence of GDP can be seen in the growth of each nation's infrastructure and industrial sector, for example. at the regional level, the increase of a country's GDP can also have an effect on the countries that are its neighbors. Using the GSTAR model, the aim of this study is to investigate the spatial and temporal influences on the GDP statistics of five different countries. The GSTAR model is distinguished by the presence of a weight matrix, which is one of its distinguishing features. In addition, the aim of this research is to select the most appropriate weight matrix for the purpose of representing the spatial effect on GDP statistics. Uniform, queen contiguity, and inverse distance weight matrices are the types of weight matrices that are utilized. Calculating each weight matrix, estimating relevant parameters, and performing diagnostic tests are the primary activities involved in this investigation. As a consequence of this, a weight matrix that is uniform in its distribution is the one that performs the best. The spatial and temporal correlations of GDP data may be accurately represented by the GSTAR model when it is equipped with a uniform weight matrix. This model is applied to five different countries.

ABSTRACTInvasive wild pigs (Sus scrofa), also called feral swine or wild hogs, are recognized as among the most destructive invasive species in the world. Throughout the United States, invasive wild pigs have expanded rapidly over the past 40 years with populations now established in 38 states. Of the estimated 6.9 million wild pigs distributed throughout the United States, Texas supports approximately 40% of the population and similarly bears disproportionate ecological and economic costs. Genetic analyses are an effective tool for understanding invasion pathways and tracking dispersal of invasive species such as wild pigs and have been used recently in California and Florida, USA, which have similarly long‐established populations and high densities of wild pigs. Our goals were to use molecular approaches to elucidate invasion and migration processes shaping wild pig populations throughout Texas, compare our results with patterns of genetic structure observed in California and Florida, and provide insights for effective management of this invasive species. We used a high‐density single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array to evaluate population genetic structure. Genetic clusters of wild pigs throughout Texas demonstrate 2 distinct patterns: weakly resolved, spatially dispersed clusters and well‐resolved, spatially localized clusters. The disparity in patterns of genetic structure suggests disparate processes are differentially shaping wild pig populations in various localities throughout the state. Our results differed from the patterns of genetic structure observed in California and Florida, which were characterized by localized genetic clusters. These differences suggest distinct biological and perhaps anthropogenic processes are shaping genetic structure in Texas. Further, these disparities demonstrate the need for location‐specific management strategies for controlling wild pig populations and mitigating associated ecological and economic costs. © 2021 The Wildlife Society. This article has been contributed to by US Government employees and their work is in the public domain in the USA.

Assessing public support for restrictions on transport of invasive wild pigs (Sus scrofa) in the United States