Managing Marketing: The Elevated View of Marketing within Firms

This paper analyses UK domestic bribery. The authors argue that in both domestic and international contexts, cases are not numerically significant but that changes in how the UK government approaches bribery in the international context means that, where once domestic bribery was addressed more rigorously than bribery in the international context, this imbalance may be being steadily reversed. The paper concludes by setting out the implications that this identifiable divergence may have for the effective policing of bribery in the domestic context. The paper makes an empirical and theoretical contribution to the literature on corruption in the UK. Impact This paper analyses the UK response to bribery and corruption and provides evidence of a divergent approach, in terms of strategy, policy and enforcement action, to addressing bribery in the domestic and international contexts. This has adverse implications for the prevention, detection, and investigation of bribery. In order to reduce the divergence and reinforce the domestic focus, governments need to ensure better and more detailed data for monitoring of the extent of bribery, the presence of a single lead for the domestic context to ensure consistency and co-ordination, and the availability of training for relevant staff to make certain relevant stakeholders are alert to emerging corruption issues. The empirically informed insights and arguments in this paper are relevant to policy-makers and practitioners working in the area of anti-corruption, as well as non-governmental organizations seeking to scrutinize anti-corruption strategies, policies and practice in the UK.

ABSTRACTThis paper analyses UK domestic bribery. The authors argue that in both domestic and international contexts, cases are not numerically significant but that changes in how the UK government approaches bribery in the international context means that, where once domestic bribery was addressed more rigorously than bribery in the international context, this imbalance may be being steadily reversed. The paper concludes by setting out the implications that this identifiable divergence may have for the effective policing of bribery in the domestic context. The paper makes an empirical and theoretical contribution to the literature on corruption in the UK.

The emergence of strategic marketing was the result of the evolution of the marketing concept. The article is devoted to the analysis of the essence and peculiarities of strategic marketing of companies in the framework of market management. The essence of the «strategic marketing» concept on the basis of scientific approaches analysis concerning its content by foreign and local authors is revealed in this paper. The existing definitions reflect different scientists' vision of its role and content in the modern organization. Most conceptual approaches used a simplified way of interpreting strategic marketing, equating it with the formation of a marketing strategy. The main differences between strategic marketing and marketing strategy were identified. An epistemological analysis of the authors' interpretations of the essence of the definition of "strategic marketing" has allowed identifying the main essential characteristics of it: long-term orientation; dynamic external and internal environment; competitive market; mutual partnership between all market participants; adaptability and flexibility to changing market conditions; marketing strategy is the basis for planning activities. The author's definition of the «strategic marketing» term takes into account: the strategic marketing and strategic management dependence; the role in competitive advantages formation; reaching marketing and financial goals of the organization. Strategic marketing consists of a set of actionable and evaluated phases that together ultimately contributes to the performance of the company: planning, implementation and evaluation phase. The article highlights the variety of methods and tools of strategic marketing management to achieve the goal of each stage successfully. The article discusses the role of strategic marketing as the dominant element responsible for the profitability of the organization.

Middle managers have a long legacy in strategy, organizational development, and management research. Uniquely positioned as ‘linking pins’ between strategic and operational interfaces, middle managers play a central role in organizational processes. However, the contemporary rise of new organizational forms and technology-centered business models has been paired with calls from business practice to rid organizations of their middle management cadres. The purpose of this symposium is to convene some of the leading thinkers and researchers in middle manager research to define a research agenda outlining the impactful and relevant problems facing middle managers in modern organizations. The symposium will particularly spearhead the conversation between interested members of the Strategic Management, Organizational Development & Change, and Organizational Behavior divisions on key themes, concepts, and perspectives in need of scrutiny to instill renewed appreciation for the evolving role of middle managers in modern and ever-changing organizations. The symposium will also serve as a gateway for those newly entering the field, highlighting key opportunities for impactful research in the field.

ABSTRACTThis study has used a longitudinal, quantitative design to explore the expected increase in the reference to human resource management (HRM) strategic planning roles in Australian organisations between 1993 and 2004. The research also examined which of the organisational characteristics of ownership, sector and size best predicts strategic planning roles for HR managers in 2003-04. Data was collected from the content analysis of 315 job advertisements for senior Human Resources (HR) managers published in national newspapers and on the Internet. Results established a longitudinal increase in references to strategic HR roles and established that internationally-owned, larger, and public sector organisations placed greater emphasis on promoting strategic roles for HR managers. The strongest predictor of a strategic planning role however was the sector in which the organisation was placed. Specifically, in the public sector HR managers at the most senior level were given the same strategic role as counterparts in the private sector but HR managers at the next level down were significantly less likely than HR managers at the same level in the private sector to be given strategic roles. These findings have implications for the training and development opportunities for HR managers working in the public sector.

ABSTRACTThis study has used a longitudinal, quantitative design to explore the expected increase in the reference to human resource management (HRM) strategic planning roles in Australian organisations between 1993 and 2004. The research also examined which of the organisational characteristics of ownership, sector and size best predicts strategic planning roles for HR managers in 2003-04. Data was collected from the content analysis of 315 job advertisements for senior Human Resources (HR) managers published in national newspapers and on the Internet. Results established a longitudinal increase in references to strategic HR roles and established that internationally-owned, larger, and public sector organisations placed greater emphasis on promoting strategic roles for HR managers. The strongest predictor of a strategic planning role however was the sector in which the organisation was placed. Specifically, in the public sector HR managers at the most senior level were given the same strategic role as counterparts in the private sector but HR managers at the next level down were significantly less likely than HR managers at the same level in the private sector to be given strategic roles. These findings have implications for the training and development opportunities for HR managers working in the public sector.

Evolutionary journeys: International practice experiences of Australian social workers Research aims Social work is an international profession. Built on the foundations of social justice, human rights, and guided by evidence-based ethical practice, social work works with people and communities in many jurisdictions and organisational roles. As social work developed as a professional project in major Western countries, social workers sought to engage with the developing world where people faced many problems – poverty, wars, oppression, natural disasters, lack of education options and major health problems. The desire of Western social work to reach out and embark on international projects has been a contested project and the topic of social work research and scholarship. Yet little is known about what those social workers engaging in international practice, actually experience. What were their motivations? How did they prepare for the work? What were the challenges and what guided their practice during the period of international work? This research explores the experiences of Australian social work practitioners who have worked in international practice contexts. It specifically seeks to determine: What are the practice experiences of Australian social workers, working internationally? What ‘guides’ Australian social workers’ practice, in an international context, predominately Asian, Pacific, Middle Eastern and African countries? The aim of the research is to examine how Australian social workers understand and can ‘better understand’ the nature of their international practice. As more social workers embark on working in social development, (South), there is an increasing need to understand the nature of that practice for western trained social workers (North), as they become immersed in totally different contexts. Questions of accountability, ethical practice, and the dilemmas of working cross culturally, arise. This research aims to build upon our current knowledge about Australian social work practitioners working in these international contexts. Adopting a constructionist theoretical approach and based on Trevithick’s framework for knowledge use in practice, the exploratory qualitative study was undertaken using semi structured interviews with 17 Australian qualified social workers. The study identified several influences on participants’ motivations for entry into international practice, how prepared they were for the work and what they looked for to guide their practice. Participants drew on a range of knowledge sources and were significantly guided by personal and professional values. The study found that international practice is a highly complex and difficult context and requires preparation, extensive practice experience, content/context knowledge and professional insight. Implications for social work education, practitioner preparation and support and the general running of international programs are discussed and a new conceptual model for international practice proposed.

The concept of goal orientations and their effects on workplace behavior has been traditionally examined in a domestic context and often within the same organization. This article addresses the shortage of empirical research in this area by exploring whether goal and achievement motivation theory holds in an international Middle Eastern context. Based on data from 225 international sales agents (ISAs) located in the UAE, our findings extend the extant literature by providing fresh insights into an interfirm and international context. Using structural equation modeling, the findings confirm 10 hypotheses, and we specifically discover that both positive and negative feedback lead to greater learning and performance orientation that in turn influence ISAs located in the Middle East to work harder and smarter, which ultimately leverages performance outcomes. Several managerial implications for HRM practice are extracted from the study and directions for future research are provided.

The past few decades have seen a tremendous growth in work patterns that involve social actors from different cultural backgrounds interacting with one another, as shown by the increase in number and forms of international staff (Collings et al., 2007) or the rise in the formation of international joint ventures (Pothukuchi et al., 2002). Even actors whose scope of activity is limited to a domestic context are likely to be exposed to foreign cultures as they collaborate with coworkers, partners, suppliers and clients from different ethnic and cultural origins. Although research at the interface between the domestic and international context is still relatively scarce, for example as illustrated by the limited attention that local nationals have received in international assignment research (Toh and DeNisi, 2007; Vance and Ring, 1994), scholars widely agree that culture transcends and thus forms an integral part of many aspects in business. One stream of research has explored the multiple layers that constitute culture and that differ in terms of their degree of tangibility and visibility, distinguishing between observable artifacts and behaviors, deeper-level values and basic assumptions (e.g. Schein, 1992). In this vein, existing cross-cultural research has mainly conceptualized culture as a system of shared, underlying values that explain (Hofstede, 1980; Schwartz, 1994) but may also potentially vary from (House et al., 2004) behavioral practices. Another debate has centered on the multiple levels at which culture has been conceptualized to operate (Chao, 2000; Leung et al., 2005). It has been common to consider a hierarchy of levels in which lower levels are nested within higher levels, for example an individual working in a team that forms part of an organization that, in turn, operates in a specific national market. However, these scholars increasingly also point to the cross-level effects that occur when changes at one cultural level influence and reshape other levels. Although the resulting implications are highly relevant to the understanding of cultural phenomena at large, levels issues in cross-cultural research have thus far focused mainly on the different levels at which national culture influences behavioral outcomes, broadly distinguishing between individual, group, and organization-level effects. In this respect, national culture has been shown to have both direct and moderated effects on a wide range of individual and interpersonal attitudes, cognitions and behaviors (Tsui et al., 2007), impact on team processes (Gelfand et al., 2007) and influence various organizational systems, structures and practices, including capital International Journal of Cross Cultural Management 10(2) 131–136 a The Author(s) 2010 Reprints and permissions: sagepub.co.uk/journalsPermissions.nav DOI: 10.1177/1470595810376429 ccm.sagepub.com CCM International Journal of Cross Cultural Management

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to provide a synthesis and evaluation of literature surrounding the job demands-resources (JD-R) model (Demeroutiet al., 2001) in the first decade since its inception, with particular emphasis on establishing an evidence-based universal application towards different national and international work contexts.Design/methodology/approach– The study uses a systematic review approach following the stages suggested by Tranfieldet al.(2003). Based on empirical data from 62 studies, the authors systematically analyse the application of the JD-R model and queries whether it is applicable outside merely domestic work contexts.Findings– The authors find convincing support for the JD-R model in different national contexts. However, the authors also found an absence of studies employing the JD-R model in cross-national settings. None of the empirical studies in the sample had explicitly considered the international context of today’s work environment or had clearly associated JD-R research with the IHRM literature.Research limitations/implications– Based on the wide acceptance of the JD-R model in domestic work contexts and the increased interest in work-related outcomes such as burnout and engagement in the IHRM literature, the study identifies a gap and suggests future research applying the JD-R model to international work and global mobility contexts.Originality/value– This study is the first to systematically assess the application of the JD-R model in domestic and international work contexts based on a systematic review of empirical literature in the first decade since the inception of the model. The study identifies a lack of internationally focussed JD-R studies and invites further empirical research and theoretical extensions.

The paper analyses the key events of the international and domestic context of the Croatian agricultural policymaking process in the period from 1995 to 2013. By mapping the key events and outputs of the policy set out in the development documents of the Croatian agriculture, it was determined that the domestic context influences 51% policy outputs. By analysing the content of 71 scientific papers, 84 recommendations are outlined. Comparative analysis of recommendations and policy outputs revealed that 52% of policy outcomes contains recommendations of scientific community. Research has shown that policy-making in the 1995- 2013 period is influenced by the domestic context and that Croatian agricultural policy is evidence-based because more than 50% of the recommendations of the scientific community is considered. This is the first research that analyses the impact of the international and domestic context on policy making.

The interest in strategic alliances has increased over the years, especially in high tech global industries such as biotechnology, as firms seek to gain access to needed resources, expertise, and knowledge for developing and commercializing new products and technologies. The governance structure of these alliances, which is an important consideration in understanding alliance formation and performance, is influenced by both external and internal contexts of the alliance partners. However, evidence from prior research has been inconclusive regarding the impact of external contexts on alliance governance selection. To better understand this impact, we simultaneously examine three key partner external contexts - international, technological, and social contexts, and their influence on biotechnology-pharmaceutical alliance governance structure selection. Using a sample of 389 alliances formed during the six-year period 1995 through 2000, we find that the international context, specifically national cultural d...

This book identifies and examines the political activities of selected religious actors, in both domestic and international contexts, in relation to democracy, human rights and civilisational interactions. And it asks why, how and when do selected religious actors seek to influence political outcomes? The book is divided into two parts. Section 1 examines the controversial issue of how, why and when religious actors affect democratisation – that is, the transition to democracy – and democracy itself. These chapters examine the impact of religion on democratisation and human rights, with particular attention to secularisation, Islam, and globalisation. They indicate that numerous religious actors have had major importance in helping determine democratisation outcomes in various countries. Section 2 examines the relationships between religion, human rights and civilisational interactions in the context of post-secular politics and links to conflict, and it explores how these relationships affect political outcomes in both domestic and international contexts. This book will be of great interest to postgraduate and advanced undergraduate students of religion and politics; religion and international relations; democratisation and democracy; and global governance, especially studies of the United Nations. It will also interest practitioners and scholars who work on religion and politics, at a domestic and international level.

This research examines the important question of whether disputes involving matters of public order can be resolved through arbitration, whether in domestic or international contexts. Traditionally, many legal systems restrict arbitration by requiring that the dispute not relate to public order, which raises a potential conflict and increases the significance of this inquiry. The study finds that contemporary legal trends particularly within jurisprudence and judicial practice have gradually narrowed the concept of public order in determining arbitrability. As a result, the scope of disputes that may be settled by arbitration has expanded. Public order is no longer viewed as a categorical barrier to arbitration in many types of cases, especially in domestic arbitration, and even more so within international arbitration frameworks.This research examines the important question of whether disputes involving matters of public order can be resolved through arbitration, whether in domestic or international contexts. Traditionally, many legal systems restrict arbitration by requiring that the dispute not relate to public order, which raises a potential conflict and increases the significance of this inquiry. The study finds that contemporary legal trends particularly within jurisprudence and judicial practice have gradually narrowed the concept of public order in determining arbitrability. As a result, the scope of disputes that may be settled by arbitration has expanded. Public order is no longer viewed as a categorical barrier to arbitration in many types of cases, especially in domestic arbitration, and even more so within international arbitration frameworks.

A leading authority in the discipline, Jeffrey Haynes has contributed to many of the most significant debates in the fields of religion & politics and religion & international relations in the last twenty years. This book brings together many of his most influential essays, offering a comprehensive analysis of religious actors and their political goals. In recent years, scholars have identified a range of religious actors with a variety of political goals. The aim of this collection is to identify and examine political activities of selected religious actors in both domestic and international contexts. The introductory chapter sets the scene for the collection, providing a clear understanding of why, how and when religious actors act politically both within and between countries. Over the course of 15 essays, Jeffrey Haynes presents a survey of the interaction of religion and politics, both domestically and internationally, in relation to a variety of issues, and draws the findings together in a new conclusion written for the volume. This work will be of great interest to the growing number of scholars and students and practitioners internationally who work on religion and politics, in both domestic and international contexts.