MANAGING ETHICAL EDUCATION ACTIVITIES FOR PRIMARY SCHOOLS’ STUDENTS IN CAI RANG DISTRICT, CAN THO CITY, VIETNAM

In the development process of primary school students, physical activity plays an important role in supporting this development. Several factors, including school type and student gender, can cause differences in physical activity levels. This study sought to review how physical activity levels are based on school type and how physical activity levels differ between male and female students in public and private primary schools. This study was conducted in Purwakarta Regency, Wanayasa District, and took a population of 3 public and three private elementary schools, with a sample of 60 people. This type of research is descriptive quantitative and uses the Physical Activity Questionnaire for Older Children (PAQ-C) research instrument. From the results of the study, it is known that public primary schools have better physical activity levels compared to private primary schools. Male and female students in public primary schools have better physical activity levels than private primary school students.

This paper examines the pragmatic responses and context interpretation of students in public primary schools in Plateau State, Nigeria, to direct and indirect speech acts. Methodology: Using qualitative data that were collected using Discourse Completion Tasks (DCTs) and classroom observation, the study analyses the responses and interpretations of the direct and indirect speech acts of the students. The study paid close attention to the context of the use of speech acts. The DCT were administered on 100 students in primary schools. Findings: The data revealed that majority of students within the Nigerian primary school system have problems interpreting indirect speech acts. The students also have problems in understanding the role of context in helping to shape their responses to the indirect speech acts. The findings also showed that majority of the students demonstrated a good understanding in interpreting direct speech acts and the context of its occurrence. Study implication: The findings of this study contribute to the general understanding of the significance of context in interpreting and producing indirect speech acts. The problems associated with the interpretation and production of correct speech acts bring to the fore the need to incorporate some aspects of pragmatics into the teaching curriculum of English language teaching at the primary levels. This strategy will help in raising the pragmatic awareness and pragmatic competence of the students at the primary school level.

The lifestyles change of children and adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic due to antipandemic measures can affect their sleep health. Existing studies have used convenient samples and focused on the initial months of the pandemic, leaving a knowledge gap on changes in young people's sleep patterns under the "new normal" under COVID-19. As part of a territory-wide epidemiological study in Hong Kong, this cross-sectional study recruited primary and secondary school students by stratified random sampling. Sleep parameters were collected using the structured diagnostic interview for sleep patterns and disorders. We investigated the pandemic's effects on sleep parameters by comparing data of participants recruited pre-COVID and those recruited during COVID using multivariate regression, adjusting for age, sex, household income, seasonality, and presence of mental disorders, and the moderators and mediators of the effects. Between September 1, 2019 and June 2, 2021, 791 primary and 442 secondary school students were recruited and analyzed. Primary school and secondary school participants assessed before COVID had a longer sleep latency on school days (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.0-5.2 minutes, adjusted P-value = .010; and 95% CI= 3.9-13.0 minutes, adjusted P-value = .004, respectively) and nonschool days (95% CI = 1.7-7.2 minutes, adjusted P-value = .005; 95% CI = 3.4-13.7 minutes, adjusted P-value = .014, respectively). Low household income was a moderator for later bedtime (adjusted P-value = .032) and later sleep onset (adjusted P-value = .043) during nonschool days among secondary school students. Changes associated with COVID have a widespread and enduring effect on the sleep health of school-aged students in Hong Kong. Household income plays a role in adolescent sleep health resilience, and the impact of antiepidemic measures on the health gaps of the youth should be considered. Chau SWH, Hussain S, Chan SSM, etal. A comparison of sleep-wake patterns among school-age children and adolescents in Hong Kong before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Clin Sleep Med. 2023;19(4):749-757.

Determinants of undernutrition among private and public primary school children: A comparative cross-sectional study toward nutritional transition in northwest Ethiopia

Objective: Although Bangladesh is rapidly gaining economic development, education and health related indices are not equally developed in all parts of the country. The objective of the study was to compare the socio-economic and health status of students in public and private primary schools.
 Methods: This was a cross sectional study conducted among 99 public and 128 private primary school children during 2018. Two public and two private primary schools were selected purposively from 2 villages of Chandpur. Subjects were divided into 2 groups: public primary school students and private primary school students. During a ‘free health check-up and treatment program’, guardians were asked to participate in the study. After taking informed written consent, students and guardians were asked about demographic, socioeconomic (such as, education, occupation, monthly income), and health related factors (such as, antenatal checkup, mode of delivery, immunization, deworming); then, anthropometric measurements (height, weight) and physical examinations of the children were done. Comparison was done between groups.
 Results: On socioeconomic status, monthly family income was more and paternal education was higher in private-school students than the public-school students. On health indices, antenatal care (ANC), Caesarian section (CS), living standard, use of sanitary latrine, and nutritional status of private school students were significantly better than public-school students. However, Public school students had higher deworming rate.
 Conclusion: Students in private schools had better socio-economic and health status in Bangladesh. Health-related indices are comparable to national parameters. It is recommended that socio-economic and education status needs further improvements for sustainable health and well-being.

In public schools, particularly in Kimilili Sub-County, student transfers are commonplace; nevertheless, the results of current empirical research on the impact of these transfers on students' academic performance are inconclusive. This study assessed the effects of student transfers on academic performance in public primary schools in Kimilili Sub-County, Kenya, because academic performance in public schools in the sub-county has been below average and the influence of these transfers on academic performance are not known. The research accomplished two goals: determined the impact of psychological factors on students' academic performance and ascertained the influence of social factors on the academic performance of transferred students in public primary schools respectively. The study used a mixed methods approach with a target population of 470 head teachers, 150 class teachers, and 308 pupils who transferred to different public primary schools. Data was collected through questionnaires, focused group discussions, and key informant interviews. The study used SPSS for quantitative analysis and thematic analysis for qualitative analysis. The Cronbach Alpha coefficient method confirmed questionnaire reliability, and expert evaluation confirmed content and construct validity. The study found that social and psychological factors significantly impact students' academic performance. The Pearsons correlation coefficient method yielded (r=0.671, p=0.001< 0.05) for social factors and (r= 0.714, p=0.000 < 0.05) for psychological factors respectively. Qualitative data also confirmed the results. These findings are crucial for addressing challenges faced by students and contribute to existing literature on pupils’ transfers and academic performance especially in public primary schools. Based on these findings, schools, TSC, and Ministry of Education should develop guidelines for transferred pupils, strengthen guidance and counseling programs, and build teacher capacity. This study supports further research on the influence of pupils’ transfers on their academic performance in private primary schools

Millions of people in both developed and developing nations are affected by the serious problem of household food security. Household food security is a situation where members of a household have access to enough food to meet their basic nutritional needs. The main objective of the current study is to explore the effect of household food security on the educational outcomes of the students in public primary schools in tehsil Shorkot. The study was quantitative. From the total number of primary schools in tehsil Shorkot, twenty-five primary schools were selected conveniently. According to the list obtained from DEO, there are a total 119 teachers who are currently working in selected schools. A sample size of 91 respondents was selected with a confidence interval of 5 and a confidence level of 95%. For data collection a well-structured and well-prepared questionnaire was used for data collection as a research instrument. Data were analyzed by using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) to calculate the frequency, mean value, standard deviation, and weighted score for variables for further results and study recommendations. It was concluded that less than half (40.7%) had master-level qualifications, while less than one-fifth (16.5%) had the bachelor-level qualification. More than one-third (34.1%) of the respondents had more than 15 years of experience at the school level, while about one-fifth (25.3%) of the respondents had 6-10 years of teaching experience. Lack of knowledge about food security was at 1st in rank order according to the weighted score of 358 and mean value of 3.93, followed by the low-income level at 2nd rank order with a weighted score of 353 and mean value of 3.87. The chi-square value of 13.20 indicates a moderate association between the teaching experience of teachers and their perception of factors affecting food security. The p-value of 0.047 is less than 0.05. This suggests that teaching experience might play a role in teachers' perceptions of food security factors. They should encourage the creation of jobs and opportunities for income generation while supporting entrepreneurship. Increasing small-scale farmers', rural entrepreneurs, and marginalized communities' access to credit and financial services and creating sustainable livelihoods encourage economic diversification and value chain development in the agricultural and other sectors.

Background: Childhood obesity is a serious public health issues worldwide in the 21st century and the prevalence has been increasing in all countries. Objectives: To estimate the prevalence of overweight and obesity among primary school students in AL-Nasiriya city and their correlation with the eating habits, socioeconomic and lifestyle factors. Methods: A cross-sectional study conducted on 357 (177 girls and 180 boys) sample of pupils aged 6-12 years selected randomly from students who attended public primary schools during the period from1st of December 2018 to the end of May 2019 in AL-Nasiriya city. The Body Mass Index (BMI) was measured and used as indicator for overweight/obesity. Results: The overall prevalence of obesity and overweight among primary school children in ALNasiriya city was 28% (17.9% were obese and 10.1% were overweight). A significant positive association between excessive body weight and snacks No./day (p-value=0.004, odd ratio=3.112), and fruits intake (p-value=0.014, odd ratio=2.767) was found in this study. While, there was a significant negative association of student's BMI with the physical activities (p-value=0.049, odd ratio=0.566). Conclusion: The prevalence of overweight and obesity is relatively high among primary school students in AL-Nasiriya city. Preventive approaches by the families and the schools should be considered. Keywords: Overweight,

The three biggest challenges facing Kenya since independence are ignorance, illness, and poverty. The most crucial vehicle for eradicating ignorance is education. And for this to be realized teacher motivation is therefore a very important the key components that can be utilized to achieve educational goals in academic performance. Teachers' lack of motivation may be linked to students' subpar academic performance. The study's objective was to establish the influence of teacher professional development on academic performance in public primary schools in Nyaribari Masaba Constituency, kisii County, Kenya. In order to realize this objective the study utilized ex-post facto research design. The study was guided by the attribution theory and affective events theory theories. A sample of 245 participants was chosen through simple random sampling from a target population of 845. Prior to the study, a pilot study was conducted to test the questionnaire's validity and reliability and address any potential weaknesses and gaps. Data was collected by use of quantitative methods, Teachers Testing Questionnaire Instrument (TTQI) was therefore utilized to collect data. Primary data was collected through instruments which were self-administered. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS v 24.0) software was utilized in the study to analyze the data collected. The results of the study were displayed in table format as percentages and frequencies. The findings of the study revealed that; teacher professional development had a positive impact on academic performance in public primary schools in Nyaribari Masaba Constituency, Kisii County, Kenya. In order to improve the academic performance of students in public primary schools in Kisii County. The study therefore recommends on the escalation of teacher motivation. In order to improve the academic performance of primary school students, it is hoped that schools will use the study's findings to establish a supportive environment for teachers to develop better habits among learners and teachers. The findings of this study may be of help to the ministry of Education and other stakeholder’s specific educational interventions.

To analyze and describe the status and characteristics of using electronic screens of primary and middle school students in China from 2016 to 2017. From 2016 to 2017, 275 monitoring points were selected from 31 provinces in China, and 280 primary and middle school students were selected from each monitoring point to complete the survey. Using the suggestion from "Healthy China Initiative(2019-2030)"of which the screen time of primary and middle school students should be less than one hour per day as the standard. A total of 74 314 primary and secondary school students(except grade 9 and grade 12) were included in this study. Among them, there were 37 147 boys(50.0%) and 37 167 girls(50.0%); 44 612 pupils(60.0%), 14 858 junior school students(20.0%), and 14 844 senior high school students(20.0%); 38 995(52.5%) rural students and 35 319(47.5%) urban students; 53 287 boarding students(71.7%) and 20 537 day students(27.6%). From 2016 to 2017, the average daily screen time of Chinese primary school students was 1.45 hours, M(P25, P75) was 1.14(0.57, 1.93) h. That of junior high school students was 1.92 hours, M(P25, P75) was 1.43(0.71, 2.48) h. That of senior high school students was 2.37 hours, M(P25, P75) was 1.71(0.90, 3.02) h. The average daily screen time qualified rates of primary school, junior high and senior high school students were 46.1%, 37.1% and 27.7%, respectively. From 2016 to 2017, the most used electronic screen products of primary school students in China were TV/videos(62%), followed by mobile phones(21%). Junior high school students spent 38% and 37% of the total time watching TV/videos and playing mobile phones, respectively. High school students spend the longest time using mobile phones(49%) of the total time, followed by watching TV/videos(26%). With the increasing of grade, screen time became longer, and screen time qualified rate dropped. Moreover, the most used electronic screens were mobile phones and TV/videos.

The study sought to investigate the influence of availability of internet connectivity on teachers’ integration of information communication technology in teaching and learning in public primary schools in Kakamega County, Kenya. The study objectives sought to determine the influence of the degree of internet connectivity in various categories of schools on integration of information communication technology in teaching and learning and in public primary schools in Kakamega County, Kenya and to establish the influence of internet accessibility on integration of information communication technology in teaching and learning in public primary schools in Kakamega County, Kenya. The study used Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge theory. The study used descriptive survey design. The target population of the study was 1County Director of Education, 356 public primary school head teachers and 3204 public primary school teachers. The sample size for the study was 1 County Director of Education, 189 public primary school head teachers and 356 public primary school teachers who were selected using purposive sampling, proportionate sampling, simple random sampling and census sampling techniques. The sample frame for the study consisted of 546 respondents. Data was collected using questionnaires and interview schedule. Data for this study was presented in frequency tables. Both a quantitative and a qualitative analysis of the results was performed. In order to determine the degree of relationship between internet connectivity and teachers’ integration of information communication technology in teaching and learning in public primary schools, the Chi-square (X2) test was utilized. It was anticipated that, the planners and policy makers will use the study’s findings as a basis for revamping the country’s present internet strategy in order to address the problems impending teachers’ integration of information communication technology in teaching and learning in public primary schools, students would graduate with knowledge and abilities that are competitive on a worldwide scale and go on to play an important role in the development of their country. The results of this study showed that, 76.12% of the sampled public primary boarding schools were connected to internet while 23.88%were not connected to internet. 12.84% of the public primary day schools were connected to internet while 87.16% of these categories of schools were not. The Chi-square (x2)test results showed that internet connection in public primary schools was not significantly different in public boarding primary schools than in public day primary schools (X2 =14.249, P Value =0.512). These findings indicate that, most public primary schools were not connected to internet and therefore, teachers’ integration of information communication technology in teaching and learning in public primary schools in Kenya was minimal. The study therefore recommends that, the government of Kenya through the Ministry of Education should offer broadband internet connection packages to teachers at fair installment and payment terms.

To explore the behaviors related to infectious disease and family factors in primary and middle school students, and to provide evidence for improving behaviors related to infectious disease. A total of 8465 students were randomly surveyed by a standard questionnaire of behaviors related to infectious disease. Chi-square test was used to analyze the influential factors for behaviors related to infectious disease, and non conditional logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the multiple factors. The total formation rate of behaviors related to infectious disease was 66.4%. The rates for primary and middle school students were 69.4% and 62.8% respectively, with significant difference (P<0.05). There were significant differences in the following behaviors, such as washing hands before eating food, rarely buying snacks on outside stalls, informing teachers when showing infectious disease symptoms (all P<0.05), the degree for such behaviors in primary school students was higher than that in middle school students. There were also significant differences in the following behaviors, such as washing hands after using the toilet, blocking with a handkerchief, wiping while coughing and sneezing (all P<0.05), the degree for such behaviors in middle school students was higher than that in primary school students. Non conditional logistic regression analysis showed that the behaviors related to infectious disease in primary and middle school students were associated with parents' education degree, mother's occupation and living status with parents. Behaviors related to infectious disease in primary and middle school students need to be improved, and the formation of these behaviors may be related to many family factors.

This study aims to determine the relationship between primary school students' technology addiction levels and their participation in sports. For this purpose, in this study, technology addiction and sports participation levels of students studying in different primary schools in Almaty were examined according to their demographic characteristics. The study was conducted with the comparative correlational screening method, one of the general screening methods. The study sample consists of 252 private and public primary school students. "Technology Addiction Scale" and "Sport Participation Questionnaire" were used as data collection tools in the study. The data obtained from the study are expressed as mean and standard deviation (SD) values. T-tests from parametric tests and Pearson Product Moments Correlation technique analyses were used in the data analysis. The findings obtained from the study showed that primary school student's participation in sports is moderate, while their technological addiction is high. While the participation of primary school students in sports did not differ according to the gender variable, significant differences were observed in their technological addictions. Similarly, students' technological addictions differ according to their school types. Finally, a significant but negative relationship was found between primary school students' sports participation and technological addiction. It was observed that the technological addiction of the participants decreased as their participation in sports increased.

The prevalence of ocular diseases in primary and junior high school students on Orchid Island

Background: School snacks are an issue that needs public attention, especially parents, educator, and school manager. Snacks sold outside the school are often unhealthy and potentially may cause poisoning. A preliminary study at Beji 6 Public Primary School, Depok, West Java, showed that a lot of unhealthy snacks were sold near schools. This study aimed to examine the impact of school policy implementation on snack consumption among primary school students in Depok, West Java. Subjects and Method: A qualitative study were conducted at Beji 6Primary School, Depok, West Java, in May 2019. Six informants were selected in this study, including school principal, teacher, students, school guard, school canteen sword, and snack trader outside school. The data were analyzed descriptively. Results: School policy had only been implemented for the 6th grade students. The canteen at the Beji 6 Primary School, Depok, was lacking in space. Teachers, students, school guard, snack traders, were not aware of the school policy on snack consumption. School canteen had never received training on healthy school canteen. The school policy was not reinforced because the school did not want to stop the income of the snack traders. School had coordinated with snack traders outside the school about the need to sell food with a healthy and safe process. Local health office and national agency of drug and food control had examined food sample. Conclusion: Implementation of school policy on snack consumption at Beji 6 Primary School, Depok, West Java, is limited. School management and local government need to pay attention on school canteen. Keywords: school policy, snack, primary school students