Managing Biological Waste Generated from SARS-CoV-2 Testing in Tripoli, Libya

Agricultural solid wastes for green desiccant applications: an overview of research achievements, opportunities and perspectives

One of the main challenges in agricultural practices is the heavy reliance on chemical fertilizers without being balanced by the use of organic fertilizers. This study aims to analyze the maturity, quality, and quantity of compost produced from a mixture of cow dung, garden waste, and market waste using the Takakura Layered Method with EM4 and Local Microorganisms (LMOs) as activators. The LMOs used included LMO A (tuna fish waste, sugarcane bagasse, and pineapple peel) and LMO B (tuna fish waste, banana peel, and vegetable scraps). Composting was conducted in duplicate with seven treatment variations: (A) cow dung with EM4, (B) cow dung with LMO A, (C) cow dung with LMO B, (D) cow dung mixed with garden waste and LMO A, (E) cow dung mixed with garden waste and LMO B, (F) cow dung mixed with garden and market waste with LMO A, and (G) cow dung mixed with garden and market waste with LMO B. The results showed that all treatments met the composting standards. All variations complied with the Indonesian National Standard (SNI 19-7030-2004) in both maturity parameters (pH, temperature, color, texture, odor, and composting duration) and quality parameters (moisture content, C-organic, nitrogen, C/N ratio, phosphorus, and potassium). The compost quantity was reduced by 27–58%. The best result was observed in variation (D1), which consisted of cow dung, garden waste, and LMO A, achieving a score of 39 with a composting time of only 6 days.

This study is based on the concept of converting agricultural waste into green new energy, we combine the concept of green cycle development and the relevant theories in modern system engineering to optimize the study of agricultural production waste recycling network. In this paper, the optimization of the agricultural production waste recycling network is divided into two aspects—facility site selection and vehicle path planning—with the objectives of agricultural production waste green recycling and the minimization of system construction and operational costs. In this study, the site selection and path planning problems were unified and an optimization model for the agricultural production waste recycling network site-path (LRP) problem was constructed. The optimization results of agricultural production waste recycling network facility location and recycling vehicle path planning were obtained by using the simulation data in the optimization model and designing the genetic algorithm design with the relevant characteristics of agricultural production waste recycling. The feasibility and operability of the model were verified through experiments. The research related to the optimization of agricultural production waste recycling networks can be used to both reduce production costs in agricultural areas and progress the practical theory of reverse logistics in agricultural areas. Agricultural waste resource utilization provides important support for the development of an ecological agriculture cycle and helps protect the environment.

In this study, the available energy potential (AEP) from agricultural and animal waste in Turkey in 2021, which is an important agricultural country, was calculated using Turkish Statistical Institute data and presented with digital maps prepared using the ArcGIS program. It was determined that Turkey has a total of 4.6 × 108 GJ of AEP, 3.7 × 104 GJ from agricultural wastes and 8.7 × 107 GJ from animal wastes. Furthermore, 81.06% of the AEP is composed of agricultural wastes, and 18.94% is animal wastes. Şanlıurfa has the highest AEP from agricultural wastes (4 × 107 GJ), while Konya has the highest AEP from animal wastes (4.3 × 106 GJ). The provinces with the highest AEP from the total of agricultural and animal wastes are Şanlıurfa (4.2 × 107 GJ) and Konya (3.4 × 107 GJ). With the energy produced from biomass orginating from agricultural and animal waste, nearly 40% of Turkey’s energy needs will be met. The use of agricultural and animal biomass for energy supply will have various benefits for Turkey. The main benefits are: reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and environmental pollution, reduction of energy imports into the country, and disposal of agricultural and animal waste.

Chapter 7 - Sustainability of Agricultural and Rural Waste Management

The growth of industrialization and development of urban life made an increase in demand for cement, concrete and bricks. Exploitation on the non-renewable natural resources for raw materials will keep increased in order to meet the demands for construction materials. At the same time, the problems regarding the agricultural crop wastes such as rice husk, sugarcane bagasse, palm oil fuel waste and elephant grass has become an important issue nowadays. Consequently, there are many researchers who have been studying the viability of using these agricultural wastes as construction materials to meet the industry demands in order to decrease the current use of non-renewable natural resources. This paper reviewing on how agricultural waste could be utilized as replacement materials for construction activities from various researchers. The idea of using agricultural crop wastes was promoted by studying upon their engineering properties. This paper focusing on the compressive strength of the construction materials containing agricultural crop wastes, which was the common parameter considered by most researcher as required by various standards.

The application of agricultural and aquaculture waste in concrete greatly reduces the pressure on the ecological environment brought by traditional concrete production. The use of agricultural and aquaculture wastes as cement replacement, aggregate replacement and fiber reinforcement has showed great potential. Making full use of these wastes can help the development of sustainable concrete. This paper provides an objective evaluation and summary of agricultural waste and aquaculture waste in green concrete. Agricultural waste is divided into natural plant fiber, agricultural waste ash and multi-application waste according to useful function and alternative methods, such as sisal fiber, olive waste ash, and bamboo. Aquaculture waste mainly refers to some shells such as oyster shell. This paper analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of agricultural and aquaculture waste concrete applications that have been reported and shows how different agricultural and aquaculture wastes are made in concrete. The selection of appropriate treatment methods and usage scenarios is extremely important for agricultural and aquaculture waste concrete, which can determine whether the concrete has reliable performance. This paper will lay a foundation for the progress of waste concrete and provide reliable help for the development of environmental protection concrete.

Bekiung Village is one of the villages in Kuala sub-district, Langkat Regency, North Sumatra province, Indonesia. Generally, the people in Bekiung Village, Kuala District have a livelihood in the agricultural and animal husbandry sectors. The main livestock commodities are cows and goats while the agricultural commodities are rice and corn. The partner's current problem is the accumulation of livestock waste that has not been utilized and also agricultural waste such as crop residues that are wasted even though this waste has the potential to be developed because it contains nutrients. Generally, farmers in Bekiung village still practice conventional crop cultivation using synthetic chemical fertilizers continuously, which have a physical and chemical impact on the soil and have an impact on health. The lack of knowledge of farmers in the utilization of livestock and agricultural waste is the main obstacle to overcoming these problems. The purpose of this activity is to utilize agricultural and livestock waste in making bokashi. The solution is empowering farming communities through training in making bokashi by utilizing livestock and agricultural waste in the hope of increasing farmers' income and can also be used in cultivated plants to reduce the need for synthetic fertilizers.

Transformation characteristics of organic matter and phosphorus in composting processes of agricultural organic waste: Research trends

This research aims to determine the presentation of the use of agricultural food crop waste as ruminant animal feed, the presentation of the use of forage as ruminant animal feed, to determine the extent of the application of agricultural waste processing technology and techniques for using agricultural waste by respondents. This research uses a survey method by conducting interviews with respondents and field observations at the research location. The sampling technique was carried out using purposive sampling, namely three villages were taken (Wanareja, Waenetat and Waekasar Villages) based on the largest number of respondent farmers and 30 respondents were taken. The results of the research show that in Waeapo District the use of agricultural food crop waste (rice straw) as ruminant feed is 53% (16 respondents) and the use of hay as animal feed, as well as the use of forage as ruminant feed is 47% (14 respondents) while field grass and food crop agricultural waste amounted to 53% (16 respondents) which provided field grass and superior grass. There are 53% (16 respondents) who have implemented feed processing technology from agricultural waste in the form of hay.

Biosafety and biosecurity of academic and teaching facilities is maintained when the appropriate guidelines for the safe management of biological waste is implemented. Biological waste is a potential source of infections and occupational hazards. Previous studies assessing the awareness of some academic and technical laboratory staff working in Iraq has identifed gaps in the awareness of the recommended procedures associated with biological and clinical waste disposal. This study was aimed to determine the awareness and attitude of laboratory staff towards biological waste practices and management policy. A closed end questionnaire was distributed among a number of laboratory staff working in universities in Baghdad and the results were analyzed. Although waste disposal procedures were followed at some degree, but a wider implementation of appropriate waste disposal procedures is necessary. No satisfactory segregation or classifcation of biological waste was noticed. The results of this study identifed the need for each laboratory to have its own code of practice and policy for the management of biological and clinical waste generated in the laboratory. The various biological waste such as clinical samples, tips, tubes, etc, should be classifed and an appropriate waste disposal procedure should be outlined for each category.

The generation of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) plastic and garden waste must be recycled to support the circular economy. An alternative way to reduce the plastics waste is to reduce this waste by converting it into energy such as Refused Derived Fuel (RDF) as an alternative for processing waste. Substitution of plastic and garden waste is an opportunity to be analyzed. Hence, This study aimed to investigate the potential for converting material substitution from PET and garden waste into RDF. The RDF characterized test method was carried out by proximate, water content, ash content, and analysis. At the same time, the calorific value. was tested by bomb calorimetry. Substitution of the mixture of plastic and garden waste affects each parameter of RDF pellet quality including water, ash, and caloric value (sig.< 0.05). The increase of plastic waste in pellets consistently increases the calorific value of RDF from 18.94 until 25.04 MJ/kg. The RDF pellet water and ash content also invariably affect the rate of increase in the calorific value of RDF in the multilinearity model (sig.<0.05; R2 is 0.935). The thermal stability of the pellets occurred at a temperature of 5000C decomposition of hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin in mixed garden waste with plastic in RDF pellets. The decrease in the decomposition of PET into terephthalic acid monomer from the thermal stability of raw materials and waste PET plastic pellets occurs at a temperature of 4500˚C. This potential finding can be used as a basis for consideration in regions or countries that have the generation of garden waste and plastic, especially the type of PET to be used as an environmentally friendly fuel.

Biomass materials are been considered as a useful and important raw material for energy production for different countries including India. Biomass materials originated from agricultural and kitchen waste have several benefits; considering these benefits it offers different advantageous uses like the production of cooking gas, generation of power and the conversion into value-added recycled items. By efficient and effective utilization of agricultural and kitchen waste for above mentioned purposes may be a good solution for waste management. Waste biomass has the ability to generate renewable power, cooking gas, etc. and it also has the possibilities to generate services for rural youths in different countries like India, other Asian and African countries. At present, global development is an agenda but this has several disadvantages due to human and industrial activities that are directly and indirectly related to challenges of human health, the health of our planet and its ecosystems. Agricultural waste and kitchen wastes are available in plenty; therefore, the focus is to be given to the use of these wastes into alternative fuels to minimize environmental pollution. Around the world, in many countries including India, this waste biomass is maybe one of the best choices for clean energy production, especially for modern energy applications like bioenergy power plants and biomass gasifiers that produce biogas. In principle, they use a significant amount of waste biomass (food waste, agriculture residue and forestry biomass). It is expected that till 2040, biomass waste-based power generation will increase five to six times than present power generation and this will contribute to the reliable power supply in the rural areas. Therefore, to support modern biomass-based technologies, the use of agricultural and kitchen waste for bioenergy should be increased; as of now, these supplies are limited due to high costs and low finance support. This is a fully developed resource, its utilization has not only the potential to provide common benefits like electricity generation and biogas production but its use can also reduce the required dumping area. We can also diminish the chances of air, water, and soil contamination and ecological health. Subsidies and incentives schemes are promoted by India’s Ministry of Renewable Energy to use waste as a renewable energy source and to encourage technologies based on biomass waste utilization. All the aspects of clean energy production from agricultural and kitchen waste biomass are reviewed and discussed in this chapter.

This study aims to determine the production and carrying capacity of livestock feed derived from agricultural plant waste in supporting beef cattle development in Boalemo Regency. The research was conducted in Boalemo Regency by selecting three (3) sub-districts. The selection of these locations was based on the number of cattle population and the area of rice fields and plantations. Primary data was obtained directly in the field by conducting direct interviews with beef cattle farmers and local government officials, as well as conducting field surveys. The sample represents the population characteristics and meets the sampling technique requirements. The determination of the area or sub-district was carried out by grouping the level of cattle population with the area of rice fields and plantations. Data collection techniques were conducted through interviews and observations. The research found that the implementation of an integrated crop-livestock system has a multiplier effect for livestock, farmers, and the environment, including providing adequate feed for livestock from agricultural waste, facilitating farmers in providing feed, increasing farmer income from agricultural and plantation waste, which was previously considered economically less valuable, and preventing environmental pollution and damage due to the burning of agricultural waste. This research is expected to facilitate the acquisition of information about the production and carrying capacity of agricultural plant waste feed sources in Boalemo Regency, as well as providing information on the accessibility of agricultural plant waste feed resources in Boalemo Regency.

Enhanced humification via lignocellulosic pretreatment in remediation of agricultural solid waste