MANAGEMENT OF EXTERNAL MIGRATION AS A FACTOR IN REDUCING RISKS FOR RUSSIA'S HUMAN CAPITAL

The presented paper gives the analysis of migration patterns of CIS countries and their interrelations with migration policies of Russia from the time of dissolution of USSR. The migration processes for last 15 years in post Soviet space are developing in the connection with transformation of Russia Federation national and migration policy. Russia still is the main attractive country for CIS countries. The legal norms were introduced in Russia from 2001 to 2006 years (new Laws on citizenship, on foreign residents, on migrants registration and on regulation of labor migrants activities) converted many of internal and external migrants into irregular or semi-irregular. The restrictive migration policy of Russia pushed migrants mainly to 'shadow' economy. This restrictive migration policy has reduced migration flows from FSU countries to Russia and reoriented them toward the Western countries. Unfavorable demographic situation in Russia, the growth of competition for migrants cheap labor with Kazakhstan and Byelorussia and tremendous shortage of labor force lead Russian government to unprecedented steps - to introduce new migration policy of 'open doors' from 2007. This policy undoubtedly will influence migration flows from East Europe to the West. How the new liberalization in migration policy will influence the migration behavior in 'near abroad?' Does it affect migration inflows to Europe from the East? The paper gives the analysis of the first results of new migration policy in the context of migration processes on post-soviet space.

The article considers the impact of international population migration on the demographic situation in Russia. Based on the results of a comparative analysis of the structure and dynamics of migration growth in Russia, it is shown that over the past 30 years, the role of international migration has been transformed from a complementary element of total population growth into a compensatory one. It was revealed that by the beginning of the second decade of the 21st century Russia has practically exhausted the migration potential of traditional donor countries in the post-Soviet space. In the medium term, that makes it necessary to expand the geography of migration flows. Both of the trends pose threats to national security.

Purpose of the study: Since the new generation is the main entity of material and social benefits’ renewal process of any state, the article aims to identify the students’ attitude to the demographic situation in Russia. It is the younger generation of different age groups that is the main labor unit of the state population. Relevant is the fact that the issues of demography are a global challenge of self-organizing society. The purpose of the article is to identify the students’ attitude to the demographic situation in Russia, as well as to consider various models of reproductive behavior. Methodology: The leading methods for the study of this problem is the survey method, which allows to make a qualitative analysis of the characteristics of the students’ attitude to the demographic situation in Russia and to establish the subjective position of students regarding demographic development. Results: The article reveals that the following administrative and legal measures contribute to the improvement of the demographic situation in the country (legislative acts regulating the marriage age, divorce, attitude to abortion and contraception, the status of mother and children in the divorce, working women’s labor regime); economic measures (paid leave, various benefits at child’s birth, preferential credit conditions if necessary, tax and housing benefits); educational measures (formation of public opinion, the core and standards of demographic behavior, determination of attitude to religious norms, traditions and customs, family planning policy, sexual education of youth). The authors established a high level of awareness of students about the demographic situation in the country; the presence of anxiety about this situation. Applications of this study: The data obtained in the work can be used in sociology, social psychology, political science, as well as for further theoretical development of this issue. Novelty/Originality of this study: The study revealed a high level of awareness of young people about the demographic situation in the country, certain anxiety about this situation. However, young people are not in a hurry to participate in the solution of demographic problems, referring mainly to the difficulties of material nature. This indicates the need for more careful consideration of measures of state support for young families, taking into account the research of their opinion on this matter.

During global competition, sustainable economic growth is influenced by investments in human capital. Under conditions of the complex demographic situation in Russia, a major challenge is human capital “health”. Investments in capital “health” provide foundation for developing high-quality cumulative human capital of future generations, are twofold and may have different financing sources. Consequently, one should assess adequately investment activity efficiency and find out factors influencing it. The article examines the essence of investments in capital “health” in terms of human capital theory. Approaches to the definition of the investment activity and methods of its assessment are analyzed. The multi-factor indicator of the investment activity level is presented; it is consistent with the public policy related to nation’s health, possibilities of individuals to invest and real public health expenditures. Statistical data of health indicators and levels of investments in health protection in some countries are analyzed. The level of Russian activity of investing in capital “health” is defined; interpretation of factors influence on the investment activity index is presented. The proposed methodology allows defining directions of influence on creating sources of investments in human capital “health” and it can be used as an analysis instrument when developing the country’s social policy. The given methodology allows comparing levels of investment activity in different countries and drawing conclusions about real possibilities of transition from the post-industrial economy to the “innovative” one, as capital “health” is a foundation for qualitative national human capital having high levels of knowledge and corresponding competences.

The authors consider the legislative framework, identify the essence of maternity capital and explore the specifics of its organizational and legal mechanism. The result of the work was the identification of the main economic and legal problems of the development of maternity capital and the development of ways to modernize the maternity capital system in order to stabilize the demographic situation in Russia and increase the effectiveness of state support for families with children. In order to conduct a comprehensive study of the institute of maternity capital in Russia, the authors analyzed in detail the norms of international and domestic legislation, studied the statistical data of the Pension Fund of Russia and analyzed the materials of judicial practice. The results of this study can be considered when improving Russian legislation, as well as serve as a basis for preparing interdepartmental comprehensive measures to improve the socio-economic development of our country.

The article outlines the role of the demographic situation in ensuring the development of the socio-economic system of the country. In the process of empirical research, the dynamics of the list of indicators characterizing the demographic situation in Russia is considered. The calculation of the absolute indicator of the population is presented, which allows to reveal of the numerical losses of human capital. The fact that the reduction of the country’s population was due to the population of rural areas was established. It is also noted that there was a constant increase in the number of population over working age, as well as a decrease in the working-age population. The decrease in the existing volumes of human capital has led to certain economic losses expressed in the form of lost GDP, which the socio-economic system has incurred. In the context of the above trends, the preservation of the existing human capital, which can be assessed on the basis of the dynamics of indicators: life expectancy and the number of marriages and divorces, becomes a priority. The processes of human capital reproduction represent one of the important directions of demographic development in Russia. The authors determined that these processes have a negatively directed tendency to change. This problem is considered from the position of the functioning of the family institution and the dynamics of the divorce process. An analytical study of statistical data allowed us to conclude that the intensity of marriages in Russia during ten years was higher than the intensity of divorces. The calculated value of the coefficient of preservation of family relations indicates an increase in the probability of reproduction of human capital. The authors calculated the numerical value of reserve human capital in the form of the volume of potential labor force, which can provide an additional volume of GDP.

The article examines the current demographic situation in Russia and assesses its impact on the long-term formation of the labor market. The relevance of the chosen topic is explained by the fact that in recent decades the state of the demographic situation in Russia is unsatisfactory. There are a number of features that slow down the development of the state. Firstly, it is a decrease in the population, secondly, the aging of the economically active population, and thirdly, the high mortality rate of men in working age.

The article considers the main indicators of demographic development of the Russian Federation in recent years in connection with the level of development of social infrastructure. It is shown that the demographic situation in the country is deteriorating, that is due to both subjective and objective reasons. Among the objective reasons, the main one is the change in the age structure of the population, which is expressed in a sharp decrease in the number of women in fertile age. This is due to the acute demographic crisis of the 1990s, «demographic waves» generated by the Great Patriotic War, and other factors. Among the subjective causes of the decline in birth rate, the article highlights the general patterns of reduction in the number of children in families as the level of socio-economic development increases, which are characteristic of all countries of European culture. In particular, the reduction in the number of children is facilitated by such factors as reduction in the share of officially registered families, increase in child support costs, and the financial difficultiesfaced by families with children during economic crises and stagnation. All these cases are typical for regions of the Russian Federation in recent years. Development of social infrastructure — education, healthcare, culture, sports, and other similar systems — could improve the demographic situation in Russia. Unfortunately, in recent years, such systems have been degrading rather than developing in Russia. This is facilitated by the system of statistical reporting that does not reflect the actual situation. The article proposes approaches that could overcome this shortcoming of the present statistical reporting system, thereby contributing to the demographic development of the modern Russian Federation.

Aim. The work aimed to assess the impact of the number of children in the family on life satisfaction of the Russian population over the past decade using econometric analysis methods. Objectives. The work seeks to analyze the demographic situation in Russia over the past decade based on statistical data; review the reasons for changes and current trends in this field, and to make forecasts of population dynamics. It also seeks to study the key measures of socioeconomic and demographic policy of the state, as well as their impact on the birth rate situation in the country; to analyze early theoretical views and modern studies focusing the problems of economic development of countries and fertility, as well as the works of Russian authors, which discuss the causes of the birth rate decline in Russia.Methods. The study used the RLMS-HSE (Russia Longitudinal Monitoring Survey — Higher School of Economics) data for the period from 2007 to 2023 to analyze the relationship between the quality of life of the population and the number of children in the family, since it was with this period that the beginning of an active state stimulating demographic policy was associated. A binary model of panel ordered choice (Ordered probit model) was used to construct the models.Results. Based on the studied literature and statistical data, the current demographic situation in modern Russian realities was analyzed. Measures of state socio-economic support to stimulate the birth rate were reviewed. The key factors contributing to the birth rate decline in Russia were identified. Econometric analysis revealed a relationship between life satisfaction and the number of children in the family. The article results can be used in new studies on this subject and in the creation of state demographic policy.Conclusions. The ordered selection model was used in the econometric analysis of panel data for federal districts. The results obtained were used to conclude that having at least one child is associated in most federal districts with a decrease in life satisfaction of the population. This indicates a difficult situation for families with children and the need to implement additional measures of socio-economic support for people with children. An increase in the quality of life of the population is associated with an increase in income and good health.

The article talks about migration processes in the post-Soviet space in the context of Eurasian integration. It is noted that recently, due to the natural population decline in Russia, migration is one of the mechanisms for compensating for demographic problems. An important factor determining migration processes is Eurasian integration. The article indicates that the creation of the EAEU and its expansion provides legal access to the Russian labor market for an increasing number of post-Soviet countries. The authors consider the demographic situation in Russia and the need for labor migration. They indicate that the peculiarity of Russia is a rather low life expectancy compared to other urbanized industrial countries, especially for men. Talk about the general situation with migration in Russia in 2017. The key longterm trends of labor migration to Russia are indicated. One of them, according to the authors, is the tendency for the population in the post-Soviet space to grow, mainly in the countries of the Muslim cultural tradition, primarily in Central Asia, while in the countries of the Christian cultural tradition it is falling. The possible expansion of the EAEU is considered as a factor determining migration. In this regard, security threats associated with Central Asian labor migration are identified. Also scenarios for the development of migration to Russia from post-Soviet countries, including in the context of Eurasian integration processes are indicated.

The health status of the population as an integral indicator is a part of the socially-oriented policy of the state, which reflects the degree of its social development and the state of ensuring the quality of public health. It is determined that the current demographic situation in Russia is accompanied by a rapid deterioration in the health of the population and reduction in the number of people of working age for the reason of premature mortality which inevitably causes a decline in human capital. Losses significantly affect the economic, social and intellectual potential of the country. High cost of medical services, dissatisfaction with the quality and limited access to medical care do not meet the interests of the state, patients, and medical service providers. In this regard, the purpose of our paper is to analyze the impact of bronchospasm in children as a peculiar disease that requires medical treatment and otherwise influences future population health and social and economic indicators on the country’s economy and to study the impact of this widespread diseases on the overall economic and socio-economic situation in the country taking into account comparison and indicators from different countries of the world. It has been concluded that to achieve set health goals in public health and reduce negative health impact, international and national public and private partnerships should be promoted.

The current demographic situation in Russia leads to its negative population growth, which makes it necessary for sociologists and psychologists to study the demographic behavior of young people, i.e., their attitudes to family, marriage, and children. Such studies could possibly predict further trends in population reproduction, as well as to choose an effective state demographic policy regarding human capital. The authors studied the image of the future as viewed by young people in relation to their demographic behavior. They systematized various interdisciplinary studies to create a theoretical and methodological background for empirical research that would eventually result in an efficient demographic policy for the region. The interdisciplinary approach demonstrated good prospects. Cognitive studies provided a better scientific understanding of the future envisaged by young people. Sociology and psychology yielded empirical indicators to describe the image of the future. The prospective research scheme included objective and subjective factors behind important life decisions as seen by young people, e.g., health, social, and financial status, as well as local infrastructure, institutional resources, values, locus of control, social and individual well-being, etc. In general, a well-designed youth and social policy might be able to change the productive demographic patterns in young population.

Данная статья посвящена анализу демографической ситуации в России, где в рамках поддержки населения реализовывается национальный проект «Демография»,направленный на повышение уровня рождаемости. Однако текущая экономическая ситуация, выражающаяся в снижении реальных располагаемых доходов населения, росте долговой нагрузки и отсутствии прироста численности рабочих мест подрывает финансовую устойчивость домохозяйств, что снижает суммарный коэффициент рождаемости. В процессе анализа были изучены нормативно-правовые акты, статистические данные, экономические показатели. Сформированные результаты позволили сделать вывод о необходимости, в первую очередь, изменения экономической ситуации, так как меры поддержки граждан при рождении детей не позволяют значительным образом изменить демографическую ситуацию. This article is devoted to the analysis of the demographic situation in Russia, as part of the support of the population, the national project «Demography» is being implemented, aimed at increasing the birth rate. However, the current economic situation, expressed in a decrease in real disposable incomes of the population, an increase in the debt burden and a lack of job growth, undermines the financial stability of households, which reduces the total fertility rate. In the process of analysis, normative legal acts, statistical data, and economic indicators were studied. The generated results made it possible to conclude that, first of all, it is necessary to change the economic situation, since measures to support citizens at the birth of children do not allow a significant change in the demographic situation.

At the present stage in Russia, the main strategic initiatives aimed at improving medical and demographic processes are set out in a number of regulatory documents presented in the form of national projects, concepts, strategies and other federal projects, while special attention is required to study and monitor these indicators of public health of the population. Purpose of the study is analysis of the medical and demographic situation in Russia and in individual subjects in recent years, making proposals to improve the processes of fertility and mortality, migration growth. Materials and methods. Scientific publications, official statistical data and analytical materials of Rosstat, data from the statistical collection of the SFO were used as research materials. Statistical data processing was carried out using SPSS, Excel‑2007 packages. The main research methods were: the study and generalization of experience, information-analytical, statistical, bibliographic. Results. The analysis of the dynamics of indicators of the demographic situation in the Russian Federation determined a low degree of compliance with the priorities of the state policy; there was a negative dynamics and a discrepancy between the actual value of the planned target indicators, therefore, in order to eliminate the existing problems, it is necessary to take into account the specifics of individual territories when setting and formulating strategic directions and initiatives on this problem. Findings. The results of the study indicate the need for constant monitoring of the main demographic indicators, considering certain directions and the course of the state policy pursued in this direction.

The article is devoted to the study of the family institute and models of reproductive behaviour of the Russian population in the formation of a new sociо-gender order and demographic environment. The article considers the demographic situation in Russia, analyses the peculiarities of birth rate and the problem of interethnic marriages. The dependence and interrelation between changes in society and the socio-gender order as its constituent are also investigated. Special attention is paid to the anti-family policy of the West being an instrument of the socio-gender strategy. The article presents the research results and statistical data that allow us to draw conclusions about the impact of socio-gender changes on the family institution and reproductive behaviour of Russians. Finally, with the help of the analysis, we comprehend that in the formation of the new socio-gender order and demographic environment of the country, the institution and reproductive behaviour patterns of the citizens are undergoing significant transformations. These changes require an in-depth study and understanding in order to develop effective measures to support the family institution and increase the birth rate in Russia. The paper examines in detail the peculiarities of the Russian demographic situation, including analysis of the birth rate and problems of interethnic marriages. The author reveals the dependence and interrelation between the socio-gender changes and reproductive behaviour of the Russians. The study is valuable to understand current structural and value-based changes of the family as a social institute, its subjectivity and to develop support measures for families and to increase the birth rate. The article may be useful for specialists in demography, sociology, psychology, and other related sciences.