MANAGEMENT OF DYSTOCIA DUE TO SCHISTOSOMA REFLEXUS IN A NON-DESCRIPT BUFFALO

Background: Freemartinism is one of the most commonly found intersex conditions in cattle, although it may also occur in small ruminants. The freemartin phenotype appears in a dizygotic twin pregnancy where one twin is a male and the other is a female. Due to precocious anastomoses between the placental vascular systems of the two fetuses, masculinising molecules reach the female twin and disrupt the normal sexual differentiation. In cattle, this condition is observed in 90 to 97% of twin pregnancies. A freemartin is, by definition, a genetically female fetus masculinised in the presence of a male co-twin, giving rise to a sterile heifer. Methods: A HF crossbred cow of 2nd parity was presented at Veterinary Clinical Complex, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Mhow (M.P) with the history of difficulty in calving, uterine contraction since last night, restlessness, uterine fluid discharge from vagina and swollen vulva. Per vaginal examination revealed presence of two fetuses in the uterus one being in anterior while other being in posterior presentation. Result: Dystocia was resolved by manual intervention per vaginum resulting in birth of one male and one female calf. The male calf was strong and active, while the female calf was weak as compare to male.

A three year old Osmanabadi goat was reported to the Veterinary Clinical Complex, Udgir with the history of difficulty in parturition. The case was handled by local quack. On per vaginal examination revealed the anasarcous monster which is removed with obstetrical manoeuver and the dam was treated with antibiotic, analgesics and fluid therapy. An uneventful recovery was seen after the treatment.

A total of 175 Jersey cross bred cows (180 teats) at a different stage of lactation were presented at the Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, Teaching veterinary clinical complex, with the history of difficulty in letting down of milk was taken for the present study. All the affected animals were subjected to ultrasound scanning using 7.5 MHz linear probes by water bath method with and without normal saline infused into the teat as contrast. After the assessment of type and site of obstructions under xylazine sedation with ring block with 2% Lignocaine hydrochloride theloresectoscopy was performed to relive the obstruction at the tip, mid and base of the teat. After the treatment with theloresectoscopy ultrasonographic images on the 5th postoperative day confirmed the reduction in the size of the lesions. Theloscopicelectroresection was a minimally invasive procedure, which can be performed by a single person and aided in restoring the esthetic appearance of the teat, anatomical and functional capacity, milk ability and quality of milk within a short period of time with minimum complications. Even though it was expensive and required expertisation, it should be considered as an alternative to conventional surgical methods in valuable dairy cows.

Fifteen dogs presented over a period of twelve months to University Veterinary Hospitals at Mannuthy and Kokkalai, with symptoms of obstructive urolithiasis were included in the study. Every animal had a history of difficulty in urination, accompanied by clinical manifestations such as pollakuria, stranguria and haematuria. Depending on the location of obstruction, either a urethrotomy, cystotomy or a combination of both were opted as the surgical method, performed under general anaesthesia. Depending on the condition of the patient, postoperative pH modulators, antispasmodics, antibiotics and analgesic therapy were prescribed. All the animals recovered uneventfully. The calculi retrieved through surgery were subjected to Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) to identify the chemical composition. Nine samples were identified as struvite and five were calcium oxalate monohydrate and one sample was a mixture of struvite and ammonium urate. Identification of the specific composition of calculicalculus using spectroscopy was helpful in preventing the recurrence of the condition by management practices and postoperative therapeutic diet. The study failed to establish any correlation between the calculi composition and the various risk factors considered in this study.

Background: Flexural deformities are anatomical deviations, in varying degrees, of one or more joints, and may have a congenital or acquired origin. Congenital contracture of the deep digital flexor tendon (DDFT) affects newborn calves and results in hyperflexion of the metacarpal-phalangeal joint, which in severe cases means that the animal must support its own weight on its fetlock joints. The aim of this study is to report the rapid and successful result of applying bilateral total tenotomy technique on a newborn bovine that had been diagnosed with severe bilateral DDFT contracture in the thoracic limbs.Case: A 3-week-old male bovine with a history of difficulty in maintaining a quadrupedal position was attended at the Veterinary Hospital of the Federal University of Tocantins. The animal had severe bilateral locomotor alterations in the thoracic members to the point that he walked on his fetlock joints. The physical examination revealed clinical parameters within the normal range. However, the locomotor system examination showed severe flexor deformity in the bilateral metacarpal-phalangeal joints, and the limbs were being supported on the dorsal face of the fetlock joints, which presented ulcerations, and was suggestive of a shortening of the DDFT. Based on the patient's history and clinical examination, as well as the severity of the tendon contractures, surgical treatment using the DDFT bilateral total tenotomy technique was decided upon. Postoperative treatment consisted of 2.5 mg/kg of enrofloxacin intramuscularly (IM), SID, for 5 days and 0.5 mg/kg meloxicam via IM, SID, for 3 days; as well as a dressing (cotton, medical bandage and a PVC mold) on the thoracic limbs to provide support and allow the animal to walk, until its complete recovery. One day after the surgery, the animal was able to walk with difficulty and some trembling; however, on the third day after the surgical procedure, it could stand up by itself, walk and graze normally. The surgical stitches were removed seven days after the operation, as the surgical wounds had healed adequately. The animal was followed-up for a one-month period after the total tenotomy, with no recurrence of any of the clinical signs, and the thoracic limbs had regained normal biomechanics.Discussion: Congenital flexural deformities are common in newborn calves of different breeds and their incidence is mainly in the thoracic limbs, especially in the carpal, distal interphalangeal and metacarpal-phalangeal joints as was reported in the animal in this study. The history and anamnesis of the animal, along with a thorough physical examination, in order to rule out any other congenital alterations, was extremely important in the diagnosis, and the classification of the severity of the deformity along with the choice of appropriate treatment in the present study. Although total tenotomy is rarely reported in the literature, and there are controversial results with calves, the surgical treatment was chosen in the present case due to the severity of the case. The DDFT bilateral total tenotomy surgical technique gave satisfactory results for the correction of severe bilateral flexor deformity in the thoracic limbs of the newborn crossbred calf. Complete recovery of the limb biomechanics was rapid, and there was no post-surgical complications, thus ensuring the animal could have a good and healthy life. Total DDFT tenotomy is considered a viable surgical procedure for calves with severe congenital flexor deformities; however, post-operative care is also important to ensure good final results.

The Veterinary Clinical Complex is a leading centre for animal treatment and serves as a reference Veterinary Clinic, with the main goal of training students to attain academic excellence and become successful veterinarians. Many clinical cases of small and large animals are presented to the veterinary clinical complex, which gives undergraduate students plenty of instructional material. The placement of multiple clinical departments and Veterinary Clinic units in one site has allowed for a well-integrated and coordinated approach to the diagnosis and treatment of diseases in small and large animals. The research was conducted at the veterinary clinical complex (VCC), CVS & AH, Kamdhenu University, Junagadh. An interview schedule was used in accordance with the objectives of the research in order to gauge how animal owners respect the VCC. In order to conduct a statistical analysis based on mean, frequency and percentage, 200 animal owners who visited VCC every day from 2021 to 2022 were randomly selected. The result indicated that majority of the animal owners had a medium level of perception towards Veterinary Clinical Complex services. Variables like education, experience as an animal owners, herd size, social participation and extension contact were positive and significant association with perception of animal owners about veterinary clinical complex and the variables like type of family, size of land holding, annual income and occupation had non-significant relationship with perception of animal owners about VCC services. Major constraints experienced by animal owners are vaccination and free of cost medicine is not provided by the VCC centre. Major suggestions given by the respondents to overcome the constraints were; medicine should be provided free of cost in veterinary clinical complex.

Background: The numbers of dermatoses cases in veterinary hospitals are high. Canine dermatoses can have a serious negative effect on a dog’s health and well-being, causing pain, discomfort and reduced quality of life. Furthermore, several dermatoses may be zoonotic, posing a risk to human health. To ascertain the epidemiology of dermatological disorders in dogs in Aizawl, Mizoram, the research work was done. Methods: The study was conducted between November 2023 to October 2024 at Veterinary Clinical Complex, Central agricultural university, Aizawl, Mizoram by clinical evaluation of each case, physical examination and data collection like age, breed, sex, body weight, deworming and types of diet. Different skin diseases were separated like bacterial, parasitic and others. Result: The hospital-based incidence of dermatoses in canine was found 14.6% with different etiology in Aizawl, Mizoram. The infection was more recorded in dogs between 2 to 8 years of age (5.18%), more in females (8.73%) and more in the mixed breed (8.46%) of dogs.

In view of unavailability of data on agrochemical poisoning in livestock animals in India, the present work was conducted with objective to study the epidemiological aspects of agrochemical poisoning in bovines over a period of five years. A total of 98 cases of pesticide poisoning in bovines have been reported during 2016-2020 at Veterinary Clinical Complex, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Udgir with hospital prevalence of 0.39%. Among various agrochemicals, insecticide poisoning was responsible for 45.91% cases, fungicide for 17.34%, herbicides for 16.32%, unknown pesticides for 10.20%, fertilizers for 7.14% and rodenticides for 3.06% cases of poisoning in bovines. Year-wise higher number of cases were reported during 2016 (30.61%) followed by 2017, 2019 (19.38% each) and 2018 (18.36%) while, month- wise highest number of poisoning cases were reported in months of November (14.28%), December (13.26%), July and September, October (11.22% each). Season-wise highest occurrence of poisoning was observed during monsoon and post-monsoon seasons while least occurrence was observed during summer season. Age-wise highest occurrence of agrochemical poisoning was reported in 4-6 year and 0-2 year age-group animals. Species-wise occurrence of poisoning revealed highest occurrence in cattle (65.31%) than buffaloes (34.69%). Among cattle 67.18% male animals while 32.82% female animals were affected. All buffaloes confirmed for poisoning were female. The findings of the present study will be helpful for formulating strategies to reduce exposure of livestock animals to agrochemicals.

The present experiment was carried out to assess the comparative efficacy of ivermectin and fenbendazole individually for anthelmintic therapy for the hookworm infested dogs. Dogs presented to the Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine or Veterinary Clinical Complex, Bhubaneswar were randomly screened for Ancylostoma caninum infection and the positive dogs were selected for the therapeutic trial Faecal samples were collected randomly from presented dogs immediately after defaecation or from the rectum directly using a faecal scoop. The collected sample was examined by floatation technique to detect the positive cases of Ancylostoma caninum infection. The dogs with normal clinical parameters and no eggs or ova in the faeces were included in in group 1 (n = 12). Dogs with faecal sample positive for Ancylostoma caninum ova were recruited for the comparative study (n = 24) which were grouped into two groups consisting of 12 dogs in each (group 2 and 3). Group 2 dogs (n = 12) were treated with ivermectin at 200µg/kg body weight once orally repeated after 15days with proper supportive therapy each time. Group 3 (n = 12) were treated with fenbendazole at 50mg/kg body weight once orally repeated after 15days with proper supportive therapy each time. Haematological examinations and serum biochemical tests were carried out in all groups each time on day 0, 15 and 30 of the experiment. The therapeutic efficacy of both the drugs was calculated on the basis of number of animals found free of Ancylostoma infection as determined by reduction in EPG count of the faeces of the group following the treatment. The reduction in eggs per gram (EPG) count on day 15 and day 30 was more significant in group 2 than group 3. The mean EPG count reduced significantly to 24.17 ± 11.44 on day 15 from day 0 level of 1650.00 ± 247.25 in fenbendazole-treated dogs. On day 30, the mean value further reduced to become nil.The 15th day after treatment, mean (± SE) value of protein, albumin and globulin was changed to 5.63 ± 0.12, 2.64 ± 0.12 and 2.99 ± 0.15g/dl, respectively. The 30th day after treatment, the values were 6.23 ± 0.14, 3.20 ± 0.18 and 3.03 ± 0.21g/dl, respectively. The total protein and albumin values were significantly changed from day 0 level in group 2 and 3 by 15th day and 30th day, respectively, at 1% level of significance. Following treatment with ivermectin, the 15th day haematological values increased significantly at 1% level (P < 0.01) of significance. There was significant increase in the values at 1% level on the 30th day compared to day 0 and the mean values were non-significantly comparable to the healthy control group except PCV and TEC.

Renal disease is one of the most common and fatal condition occurring in dogs. Only few reports are available on the prevalence of renal diseases in dogs in India in general and in Assam in particular. The present study was intended to report the prevalence of renal diseases in dogs registered at Veterinary Clinical Complex, Guwahati, Assam over a period of 5 years. The study was conducted on all the dogs registered at veterinary clinical complex, college of veterinary science, Khanapara from January 2018 to December 2022. The dogs were screened for renal diseases on the basis of patient’s history, clinical signs and symptoms; and were confirmed for renal diseases on the basis of haemato-biochemical analysis, urinalysis and diagnostic study (imaging techniques like radiography and ultrasonography). The overall prevalence of renal disorder in dogs was found to be 2.74%. The breed-wise occurrence of renal disorder was found to be highest in Labrador retriever (29.71%) followed by non-descript breed (17.22%). The sex-wise occurrence was found to be higher in males (60.08%) than female dogs (39.92 %). Highest occurrence of renal disease was observed in the age group of greater than 6-10 Years (31.74%) followed by age group of greater than 3-6 Years (26.38%). The present study evaluated the prevalence of renal diseases in dogs in and around Guwahati region. The highest occurrence of renal disorder was observed in Labrador dogs while English pointer is the least affected one amongst all the breeds. The occurrence of renal disorder in dogs was found be increased with the advancement of age. Male dogs are more prone to renal disorder compared to female dogs.

Background: Study on the reproductive health of dogs is a matter of concern since it affects the existence of future generation. There are various reproductive ailments that may affect a dog in its lifetime. The present study was aimed to find out the incidence of different reproductive disorders in canine populations reported at the Veterinary Clinical Complex (VCC), College of Veterinary Science, Guwahati, India in respect of breed, age, sex and season. Methods: The study was conducted on canine populations reported at the VCC, College of Veterinary Science, Guwahati, India during the period from 1/03/2016 to 28/02/2021. Clinical cases were grouped based on their breed, age, sex and the season and the type of various reproductive ailments and their incidence was worked out. Result: The overall incidence of reproductive disorders in dogs was 2.45%. Labradors had the maximum incidence of reproductive ailments (24.79%) followed by local breeds (17.52%) and the least was in Dachshund (2.56%). The animals under the age group 1.1 to 4.0 years appeared to have the highest incidence (47.86%) of reproductive ailments and the lowest (12.39%) was in 10.1 to 13.0 years of age group. The highest incidence of reproductive ailments was recorded in female dogs (96.15%). In canine population, summer resulted in higher (35.86%) incidence of reproductive disorders.

Aim:To determine the prevalence of Trypanosomiasis in cats in and around Hyderabad, and to study the associated clinical signs and therapeutic management. Study Design: The study involved cats presented to the Veterinary Clinical Complex (VCC), College of Veterinary Science, Rajendra Nagar, Hyderabad, as well as those referred from local dispensaries with clinical signs suggestive of Trypanosomiasis, such as fever and unilateral or bilateral corneal opacity. Data were analyzed based on breed, age, and gender. Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted at the VCC, College of Veterinary Science, Rajendra Nagar, Hyderabad, from September 2024 to March 2025. Methodology: Suspected cases were screened for Trypanosomiasis using wet blood film examination, Giemsa stained blood smears along with hematological and biochemical analyses. The data obtained was subjected to statistical analysis. Results: Out of 1002 cats examined, 16 (1.6%) were diagnosed with Trypanosomiasis. The majority of affected cats were Domestic Short Hair (DSH) breed (62.5%), and young males (less than 1 year of age) were predominantly affected. The most common clinical signs included corneal opacity (87.5%), fever (81.25%), lymphadenopathy (75%), Inappetence (56.25%), pale mucous membranes (50%), turbidity in the anterior chamber (43.75%) and dehydration (31.25%). Microscopic examination of wet blood films revealed motile, spindle-shaped trypomastigote forms of Trypanosoma spp., which were also confirmed in Giemsa-stained blood smears. Hematological and biochemical findings included anemia, eosinophilia, and hypoglycemia. Treatment and Outcome: Affected cats were treated with Diminazene aceturate at a dosage of 3.5 mg/kg body weight for five consecutive days, along with supportive symptomatic therapy. All treated cats showed complete clinical recovery following the full course of treatment. Conclusion: Trypanosoma spp were detected in some cats presented at VCC College of Veterinary Science, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad.In cats, unlike in dogs, Diminazene aceturate must be administered for five consecutive days to achieve complete recovery. Interruption of the treatment regimen may lead to relapse.

A 4-year-old Umblachery bull was presented to the Large Animal Medicine Unit at the Veterinary Clinical Complex, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Orathanadu, with a 5-day history of abdominal distension, anorexia, anuria, and absence of defecation. Clinical examination revealed depression, dehydration, elevated respiratory rate, bilateral abdominal distension with fluid thrill. Trans-abdominal ultrasonographic examination revealed the presence of anechoic free fluid in the abdominal cavity. Ultrasound-guided abdominocentesis yielded a light yellow-colored modified transudate with a low specific gravity of 1.013 and a distinct ammonia odor. Haematobiochemical examination revealed PCV= 41.8%, WBC=10,300 cells/cumm, elevated blood urea nitrogen, creatinine and lactate levels. Peritoneal fluid showed increased levels of blood urea nitrogen and creatinine compared to that of serum levels. Based on ultrasonographic examination of abdomen and peritoneal to serum creatinine ratio, the case was confirmed as uroabdomen. The animal was administered with strepto-penicillin, flunixin meglumine and supportive fluid therapy but the animal died due to delayed presentation and uraemia.

Bovine actinomycosis, or lumpy jaw, in cattle is caused by Actinomyces bovis, which produces chronic rarefying osteomyelitis of facial masticatory bones. This leads to painful swelling, dysphagia, and weight loss, significantly impacting the animal's health and productivity. A 3.5-year-old crossbred cow with a history of gradually increasing swelling on the left maxillary region with decreasing feed intake was presented for treatment at Veterinary Clinical Complex, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Theni, Tamil Nadu. Clinical examination revealed a hard, painful, immovable mass with no discharge. Hence, for diagnosis, fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) was taken, and the smear was stained with Gram’s stain. This revealed filamentous Gram-positive bacteria with surrounding Gram-negative club-shaped structures characteristic of actinomycosis. After confirming actinomycosis, the animal was treated with antibiotics, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and iodides. Additionally, TissueAid bolus was advised for oral administration along with topical application with glycerine and magnesium sulphate. The animal exhibited symptomatic improvement during subsequent visits, with a gradual enhancement in feed intake and reduction in swelling following the treatment.

Rabies is a dreadful zoonotic viral disease that affects animals and humans with a fatality rate of 100%. This report aims to create awareness among the veterinarians and general public about the paralytic form of rabies in order to understand the antemortem clinical diagnosis implications in limited resource settings, so as to follow the post-exposure prophylaxis at the golden hour period of rabies transmission. A one-year-old female dog was presented to the Ambulatory Clinic Unit, Veterinary Clinical Complex, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Theni, Tamil Nadu, India with the ailment of a dropped jaw and was unable to swallow food and water for the past three days. Epidemiological investigations revealed that the animal had dog-bitten wounds from a week ago. On clinical examination, facial distortion, changes in the vocal cord, and paralysis of the throat muscle were noticed. Based on the anamnesis, clinical, and epidemiological investigations, the animal was diagnosed to be a probable case of paralytic form of canine rabies. In the limited resource settings, antemortem clinical diagnosis was practiced to suspect rabies-infected dogs. Further, the owner was advised to implement preventive measures to safeguard against rabies infection. The dog was kept under isolation and succumbed on day two with evidence of progressive paralytic signs. This report emphasizes the importance of paralytic rabies, alongside of furious form of rabies, further creating awareness among the general public about the antemortem clinical diagnosis under limited resource settings.