Management of Diabetes Mellitus, Risk Factors and Complications

Abstract

Chronic progressive metabolic problem and chronic hyperglycemia caused by a dysregulation of protein, lipid, and carbohydrate metabolism are two symptoms of diabetes mellitus, a complicated condition. Verapamil belongs to a group of calcium channel blockers that are not dihydropyridines. It works by preventing calcium from entering beta cells' cytoplasm, preventing the second phase of insulin release driven by glucose, as well as sulfonylurea and glucagon. Nephropathy, neuropathy, and retinopathy are examples of microvascular consequences of diabetes mellitus (cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease). In both kinds of diabetes mellitus, higher urine albumin excretion (proteinuria) or decreased kidney glomerular filtration rate are symptoms of diabetic nephropathy, a microvascular consequence. By lowering patients' blood sugar levels and reducing their risk of cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus therapy aims to reduce mortality, delay the onset of disease complications, and slow the disease's progression. Metformin increases peripheral glucose utilization, liver, muscle, and adipose tissue sensitivity to insulin, inhibits gluconeogenesis, and reduces glucose absorption from the gastrointestinal system.