Abstract
Malaria and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are two major infections with enormous public health consequence. Together, they are endemic in many developing countries with anaemia being the most frequent haematological consequence of the infections. To determine the prevalence of malaria and HIV co-infection as well as anaemia among selected patients from three health-care institutions in Lagos, Nigeria. A cross-sectional study of 1080 patients was carried out to determine the prevalence of malaria and HIV co-infection as well as anaemia. Blood sera from each of the patients were screened for malaria parasites, HIV-1 and HIV-2 using Giemsa stain, Cambridge Biotech Recombigen HIV-1/HIV-2 rapid device, respectively while haemoglobin estimation was performed using cyanmethemoglobin method. Our data showed that the total number of malaria infected patients were significantly higher in HIV sero-positive patients 47.7% (31/65) when compared with their HIV sero-negative counterparts 25.8% (262/1015) P = 0.047. The result also revealed that 25.8% (8/31) of the patients co-infected with malaria and HIV had anaemia as compared to 11.1% (29/262) infected with malaria alone. Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that patients with dual infection of malaria and HIV were twice likely to be anaemic than those infected with malaria alone [adjusted OR 2.4, 95% CI, 1.3 to 2.7, P = 0.014]. Our data indicated a higher prevalence of malaria in HIV infected patients and also revealed that patients co-infected with malaria and HIV were more likely to be anaemic.
Highlights
Malaria remains one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality globally and nearly half of the global populations are at risk of malaria infection
In a cross-sectional study, we examined the prevalence of malaria and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) co-infection as well as anaemia among selected patients from three health-care institutions in Lagos
P. falciparum and P. malariae were the only two types of malaria parasite species found in the blood smear of the sampled patients
Summary
Malaria remains one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality globally and nearly half of the global populations are at risk of malaria infection. Evidence shows that malaria co-infection with HIV triggers malaria disease progression, increases the risk of severe malaria in adults[13, 14], increases risk of congenital infection[15] and this dual infection fuels the spread of both diseases especially in sub-Saharan Africa[16] This compelling evidence has called for integrated health sciences for early, effective and preventive treatment of both infections[17]. Malaria and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are two major infections with enormous public health consequence Together, they are endemic in many developing countries with anaemia being the most frequent haematological consequence of the infections. Objective: To determine the prevalence of malaria and HIV co-infection as well as anaemia among selected patients from three health-care institutions in Lagos, Nigeria.
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