Making humans capital: The real subsumption of childhood social reproduction

In the Marxian capital theory, it is considered that capital is the opposite of labor-power, the variable capital is the capitalist's capital and the manpower isn't the laborer's capital. According to the logic of Marxian capital theory, there wouldn't have a version of “human capital”. But the theory of human capital in economics, it has emphasized that “human capital” has performed a more important function than physical capital. The relation between human capital theory and Marxian capital theory has been discussed. In this paper, the human capital is regarded as subdivision of the Marxian labor-power commodity productions, the human capital is the product of workforce investment. With the coming of knowledge economy, “human power” can borrow capital concept.

Afterwork and Overtime: The Social Reproduction of Human Capital

Current estimates of the contribution of education to economic growth have been questioned because they ignore the interaction of education with ability. Whether the neglect of ability differences in the analyses of the income-education relationship results in estimates that are too high was considered in an earlier paper by one of the authors (Griliches 1970), and a negative answer was conjectured. In this paper, we pursue this question a bit further, using a new and larger body of data. Unfortunately, a definitive answer to this question is hampered both by the vagueness and elasticity of "education" and "ability" as analytical concepts and by the lack of data on early (preschooling) intelligence. The data examined in this paper are based on a 1964 sample of U.S. military veterans. The variables measured include scores on a mental ability test, indicators of parental status, region of residence while growing up, school years completed before service, and school years completed during or after service. These have allowed us to inquire into the separate effects of parental background, intelligence, and schooling. The basic problem and analytical framework can be set out very simply. Let income be a linear function of education and ability, or, Y a + P1E + P(2G + u, where Y is income, E is education, G is ability,

PurposeKarl Marx's social capital reproduction theory is his significant contribution to economics. The purpose of this paper is to review the contributions of the exploration of Chinese economists (especially Professor Liu Guoguang) in the concretization of Marx’s social capital reproduction theory combined with socialist construction since 1949.Design/methodology/approachDuring this process, Professor Liu Guoguang, a famous Chinese Marxist economist, has made an outstanding contribution by creating a Marxist social capital reproduction model with Chinese characteristics and a distinctive Marxist economic growth model. Professor Liu's exploration is still of crucial practical significance to building a socialist market economy today.FindingsThe process and achievements in the sinicization exploration of Marx's social capital reproduction theory were reviewed. With the reform and opening up, fundamental changes have occurred in China's economic system – the centralized planned economic system has been transformed into a socialist market economic system.Originality/valueThe planned management of the national economy is replaced by a macro-regulation system characterized by gross control gradually, and the concepts of agriculture, light industry, and heavy industry, and their intercorrelation are no longer applied in theory and policy. However, the sinicization exploration of Marx's social capital reproduction theory in the older generation of Marxist economists represented by Liu is not only of historical significance but also of important practical significance.

The authors of the article considered the current state and problems of attracting investment in human capital. The purpose of the study is to analyze the attraction of investments in human capital and substantiate their effectiveness. The scientific and practical significance of the study lies in the fact that an assessment was given in the areas of use of investments in human capital. Using the method of analytics of views on the theory of human capital concepts, its place in the development of socio-economic relations made it possible to determine a set of indicators that characterize the effectiveness of investments. The study analyzed the dynamics of attracting investment in human capital at the present stage, which made it possible to identify such problems as the development of human potential, the role of educational services and the system of training human resources in social reproduction. As a consequence, the existing shortcomings in the process of investing human capital depending on the level of development of the country's regions were revealed. The authors within the framework of comparative analysis substantiated the necessity of achieving priority directions of investment resources in human capital development according to the indicators that most strongly influence the level of socio-economic development. In addition, the analysis of various sources of policy documents on the strategic development of the RK, in particular, the state programs of socio-economic direction, allowed us to conclude that the results of the study will make a certain contribution to the development of measures aimed at ensuring further development of human capital, in particular, to increase the level of GRP at the present stage.

Postdigital human capital

Human capital: Genesis and evolution

1. Introduction The U.S. higher education population is highly mobile. Tinto (1987) finds that roughly 35% of college graduates from the National Longitudinal Study of the High School Class of 1972 graduate from a different institution than the one they first attend. Recent evidence suggests that the percentage of college attendees choosing to transfer is on the rise. For instance, a U.S. Department of Education survey of 1992 college graduates finds that over half of the roughly 11,000 students interviewed had attended more than one institution during their college careers (National Center for Education Statistics 1996). Despite their obvious place in American higher education, very little is known about college transfer students. The economics of higher education literature has devoted much attention to the economic returns to college attendance and the causes and consequences of college dropouts. Within the vast literature, however, the transfer student has largely been neglected. This is particularly regrettable, as transfer students present the researcher with additional, potentially valuable information that nontransfers do not. In particular, transfer students will have taken courses at more than one quality institution. This fact can possibly be exploited to provide insight into the role of human capital accumulation in determining a student's postgraduation earnings. A common problem in the economics of higher education literature is that the well-known positive return to the quality of university from which a student graduates is predicted by both human capital and screening theories (for a more detailed discussion, see Weiss 1995). Much of this confusion may be based on the fact that previous studies have focused only on graduation quality. While such an approach is accurate for nontransfers, it is not accurate for transfer students. Transfer students clearly complete courses at institutions that are of different qualities. The human capital theory has implications for the predicted returns to initial quality and tenure for transfer students, while the screening theory does not. Thus, the returns to initial quality and tenure may be used to generate some idea which model more accurately describes the role of educational attainment in determining a student's entry-level earnings. This study is one of the first to separately examine the economic returns to college attendance for transfer students. In particular, I focus on the returns to quality and educational tenure at institutions other than the one from which a transfer student graduates and ask what implications such values have for human capital theory. A theoretical discussion describes how the educational experiences of college transfer students can be used to address the role of human capital accumulation in determining a college graduate's entry-level earnings. Specifically, to be consistent with human capital theory, the quality of all institutions attended should have positive effects on future earnings, while the length of time spent at each institution is uncertain. The longitudinal nature of the data set analyzed allows me to improve the efficiency of my estimates by employing panel data techniques. Using random effects generalized least squares (GLS), I find significant, positive, and statistically similar returns to both initial and graduation quality and insignificant effects for both initial and graduation tenure. In other words, by finding that both initial and graduation quality have significant positive effects on future earnings, the results can be considered consistent with the predictions of the human capital theory. 2. Theory To frame the empirical work here, I start by developing a simple model of college choice. In choosing a college, the prospective student has thousands of options to consider. This choice set will differ for each student as it is limited to only those colleges to which he or she is able to gain admission. …

Abstract: This article explores the cross-reading of Michel Foucault and Gary Becker on neoliberalism and human capital theories. Situating Becker's 2012 interview with François Ewald and Bernard Harcourt on Foucault as a fulcrum, this article's aim is to analyze Becker and Foucault's works from a series of discursive spaces: American neoliberalism's critique of labor, human capital theories' approach to the economic universe of individuals (consumption, household, time, wage), and the place of the subject in political economy texts. As the article argues, the common thread of these accounts is the redefinition of the economy as subjective (i.e., as an economy where work, the distribution of income, and social reproduction in general are approached on the basis of the individual). The article concludes with analysis of the political translations of these human capital discourses.

Abstract. The article puts forward a position according to which the achievement of effective innovation management is ensured by the balanced development of human, social, reputational and digital capital, leading to the formation of innovative capital. The relevance of the study is due to the global challenge of our time, which consists in the fact that an effective strategy for managing innovation and developing innovative capital is the basis for the formation of competitive advantages of national economies and firms. The aim of the research is to develop an integrated model of intellectual capital, which forms an up-to-date idea of its structure and clarifies the relationship between its components. The developed integrated model of intellectual capital substantiates the need to implement the integrated management of social, reputational, digital and innovative capital for the purpose of innovative development in modern conditions. The article reveals the mutual influence of human, social, reputational and innovative capital, as well as the formation of network human capital on this basis. As the main methodological principles and methods for studying innovative capital and other types of intangible capital as endogenous factors in managing innovative development, it is proposed to use the concepts of intellectual, social and reputational capital, the concepts of digital transformation and the principles of creating a creative environment. The integration of the methods of scientific knowledge used in these theories makes it possible to develop the concept of innovative capital. The subject of the study is the organizational and economic relations that arise in the process of interaction of social, reputational and digital human capital as components of network human capital, leading to the development of innovative capital. The novelty of the research lies in the developed model of connections between intellectual, human, social, reputational, digital capital and innovation capital. The authors substantiate the position according to which the traditional structure of intellectual capital hides the direct impact of human capital on other components of intellectual capital. As a basic element of intellectual capital, human capital not only plays an important role in the development and creation of new ideas and knowledge; it also promotes the development of social capital and the exchange of knowledge and ideas. The main conclusions of the work include: organizations with more developed human capital, participating in social networks and led by innovative leaders, adapt faster to the challenges of the innovative environment; invest in the formation of new skills and competencies of employees, which generates opportunities for the creation and implementation of large-scale innovations, the accelerated promotion of which is facilitated by the use of new network and digital technologies for the innovative development of the economy. The developed integrated model of intellectual capital is aimed at forming an actual representation of its structure and clarifies the relationship between its components. The results obtained are of great importance for practical management in the context of managing the innovative development of an organization.

Purpose This study investigates how knowledge management (KM) practices influence the financial performance and performance management of higher education institutions (HEIs) in Libya. It examines the roles of human, structural and relational capital, highlighting KM's mediating effect on financial stability, operational efficiency and systematic performance monitoring. By addressing gaps in the literature, the study provides actionable insights for enhancing financial oversight, accountability and institutional outcomes through effective KM practices. Design/methodology/approach A quantitative design was adopted, collecting data via a structured questionnaire from 347 financial stakeholders, including accountants, auditors and finance managers in Libyan HEIs. Purposive sampling targeted individuals directly involved in financial decision-making. Data were analyzed using Smart PLS to assess human, structural and relational capital, KM practices and financial performance, emphasizing KM's role in supporting performance management processes. Findings Human capital (HC), structural capital (SC) and relational capital (RC) were found to positively influence financial performance, both directly and indirectly through KM. KM partially mediates these relationships, acting as a strategic mechanism that operationalizes intellectual capital to enhance decision-making, accountability and institutional performance management. Originality/value The study advances intellectual capital theory by demonstrating how HC, SC and RC, mediated by KM, enhance both financial performance and performance management in resource-constrained and post-conflict HEIs. This mediation model is novel in North African nonprofit HEIs and offers a framework for policymakers and administrators to strategically leverage KM for sustainable institutional outcomes.

In the modern economic system, where the service sector has significantly increased in importance, the accumulation of human capital no longer relies solely on traditional factors such as education, training and healthcare, but increasingly depends on informal education, particularly learning activities during leisure time. Driven by the amalgamation of personality economics and neuroeconomics, a novel theory of human capital has surfaced, which emphasizes the acquisition of cognitive and noncognitive abilities through informal learning activities such as hobbies and social engagements. Utilizing the time allocation theory as a foundation, this study investigates the role of leisure time in bolstering human capital. The paper spotlights the ‘Learning by Doing’ and ‘Learning by Playing’ phenomena, which are instrumental in enhancing practical abilities and creativity. The study offers a critical examination of how human capital theory has evolved, particularly regarding the influence of leisure on skill development. This study also highlights the crucial importance of learning during leisure as a contributing factor to economic growth and positions it as a vital pathway for future human capital accumulation. Moreover, it proposes new avenues of research to deepen the understanding of human capital and leisure economy theories, thereby providing valuable perspectives for the progress of society and the economy.

The plausibility of “gendered exploitation” as a sine qua non of capitalism, as articulated by both classic Marxist-feminism since the 1970s and more recently by authors of social reproduction theory, stands or falls with the evaluation of Marx's theory of value. From the standpoint of both Marx's monetary theory of value and the problem of quantification, the use of “women's oppression” in capitalist social reproduction appears to be questionable. This also necessitates a deeper analysis of the use of “gender” in the wider field of pertinent Marxist-feminist literature. Arguments for “gendered exploitation” often hinge on unsound premises that introduce a naturalizing view of social relations. Analogous to Barbara and Karen Fields’ intervention against “Racecraft,” the term “Gendercraft” may represent this argumentative move. The notion of gender as the site of specifically capitalist exploitation is thus challenged and countered with a new emphasis on struggles against the wage relation as the site of anticapitalist resistance.

In recent years, there has been little discussion of Marx's writings on gender and the family, but in the 1970s and '80s, these writings were subject to a great deal of debate. In a number of cases, elements of Marx's overall theory were merged with psychoanalytic or other forms of feminist theory….These scholars viewed Marx's theory as primarily gender-blind and in need of an additional theory to understand gender-relations as well. However, they retained Marx's historical materialism as a starting point for understanding production. Moreover, a number of Marxist feminists also made their own contributions in the late 1960s to '80s, particularly in the area of political economy [when they] tried to revalue housework. [Others] attempted to move beyond dual systems towards a unitary understanding of political economy and social reproduction [or show] that Marx can be used to understand the historical development of women's nature.This article can also be found at the Monthly Review website, where most recent articles are published in full.Click here to purchase a PDF version of this article at the Monthly Review website.

We briefly review and provide commentary on sociological theories of gender inequality. The theories include Family Power Theory, New Home Economics Theory, the Neoclassical Market Model, Social Exchange Theory, Feminist Marxist Theory, and Human Capital Development Theory. Lastly, Human Capital theory is illustrated using the case of gender inequality in Japan. Gender and Behaviour Vol. 2 2004: 172-178