Abstract
All liquid three-layer batteries are intended as large-scale electrical energy storage. The paper investigates long-wave interfacial instabilities driven by the electromagnetic forces during dynamic phases of the battery charging/discharging. The liquid metal battery of 20 cm size with sodium metal anode, which is a candidate for experimental and commercial implementation, is shown to be unstable at the discharge state when the top metal layer depth is reduced below a critical level. The numerical model includes the effects of viscous friction and the horizontal wave velocities. The instability does not depend on the initial interface perturbation type.
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