"Magnetically Treated Water Suppresses Macrophomina phaseolina Pathogenesis and Enhances Tomato Growth and Yield"

Irrigation and nitrogen application rates have significant effects on greenhouse tomato yields, as well as water and nitrogen use efficiencies, but little is known regarding how these rates affect plant–microbiome interactions and how the associated changes might impact tomato yields. In this greenhouse study conducted over two years, the effects of three irrigation levels (moderate deficit with 65–75% water holding capacity threshold, slight deficit with 75–85%, and sufficient irrigation with 85–95%) and four nitrogen application levels (60, 120, 240, and 360 kg ha−1) on tomato growth, yield, water and nitrogen productivities, and rhizosphere microbial diversities and functions were investigated. The results demonstrated that the highest tomato leaf area, dry biomass, yield, and water and nitrogen productivities were obtained under the treatment with sufficient irrigation. With increasing nitrogen application, the tomato leaf area, dry biomass, yield, and water and nitrogen productivities showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing. Overall, the treatment (N2W3) with sufficient irrigation and 240 kg ha−1 N was associated with the highest tomato growth, yield, and water and nitrogen productivities. Moreover, optimal irrigation and nitrogen application obviously altered the structures of rhizosphere bacterial and fungal communities, particularly recruiting microbiota conferring benefits to tomato growth and nitrogen fixation—namely, Lysobacter and Bradyrhizobium. Ultimately, optimal irrigation and nitrogen application significantly increased the relative abundances of functions related to carbon, sulfur, and nitrogen metabolism, especially nitrogen fixation. In summary, optimal irrigation and fertilization enhanced tomato yield, as well as water and nitrogen productivities by increasing the nitrogen fixation functions of the rhizosphere microbiome. Our results provide significant implications for tomato cultivation in greenhouses, in terms of optimized irrigation and fertilization.

A pot experiment was conducted to study the effect of different application methods of chitosan on growth, yield and quality of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.). The experiment was laid out in completely randomized design (CRD) with four replications and twelve treatments combinations viz., T0= Control, T1= Soil application of chitosan (SAC) @80 ppm, T2= SAC @120 ppm, T3= Foliar spraying of chitosan (FSC) @60 ppm, T4= FSC @80 ppm, T5= FSC @100 ppm, T6= Combination of T1 and T3, T7= Combination of T1 and T4, T8= Combination of T1 and T5, T9= Combination of T2 and T3, T10= Combination of T2 and T4, and T11= Combination of T2 and T5. The study results revealed that there were significant variations among the treatments on number of leaves, numbers of flower cluster, flowering duration, fruit length and yield of tomato (L. esculentum). The highest yield of tomato (L. esculentum) was obtained from the treatment T6, while the lowest was obtained from control treatment. Vitamin-C and lycopene content of tomato (L. esculentum) fruits varied from 2.19-4.09 and 2.38-3.58 mg 100g-1 sample, respectively. Among the major minerals, the highest amounts of Ca, Mg, Na, K, S and P were obtained from T7 (0.69%), T3 (0.58%), T8 (0.38%), T1 (0.62%), T4 (0.15%) and T6 (0.33%) treatments, respectively. Study results inferred that the treatment T4 was more effective concerning most of the growth and biochemical parameters of tomato (L. esculentum). Finally, the study concluded that foliar application of chitosan alone or in combination with soil has significant effect on growth, yield and biochemical characters of tomato (L. esculentum).

The Aplication of PaddyHusks As An Alternative Medium and Test of Efectivity Of Foliar Fertilizer on Growth and Yield of Tomato In Hydroponics ABSTRACT A research of using various media and fertilizers on tomato planted hydroponically has been conducted in the green house of Agriculture faculty, Syiah Kuala University, Banda Aceh, starting from July to November 2002. The objective of research was to observe the influence of various media and fertilizer, as well as the interaction of each other to the growth and yield of tomato planted hydroponically. The treatment composed of two factors, namely various media (paddy’s husks / kuntan , sands, and mixture of kuntan and sands) and fertilizers (Vitamon, Bayfolan, Complesal and Hoagland solution). The research was assigned in completely randomized design in a factorial manner, consisting three replications. The results showed that the best growth and highest yield of the tomato were found in the mixture medium ( kuntan + sands). These results were significantly different from those of the single medium. The use of Hoagland solution resulted on the best growth and highest yield of tomato which were not significantly different from those of Bayfolan and Complesal Fertilizer. It is observed that there were no significant interactions between the two factors tested.

Effects of nitrogen supply on tomato yield, water use efficiency and fruit quality: A global meta-analysis

시설재배 토마토(To) 생산에 미치는 녹비 토양투입 효과와 양분 수지량을 조사하기 위하여 겨울과 여름 휴한기 동안 헤어리베치(Hv), 호밀(Ry), 콩(Sb), 수단그라스(Sd)를 녹비로 재배하였으며, 녹비와 토마토를 조합한 작부체계로서 두과 녹비작물을 활용한 Hv-To-Sb-To, 화본과 녹비작물로 구성된 Ry-To-Sb-To, 그리고 두과와 화본과 녹비를 교호 재배하는 Ry-To-Sd-To로 구분하여, 화학비료(Cf)를 처리하는 Cf-To-Cf-To 작부체계와 비교하였다. 녹비 수량은 겨울 휴한기에 비해 여름 휴한기 동안 높았던 반면, 녹비의 질소 고정량은 화본과에 비해 두과 녹비작물에서 현저히 높아 두과 녹비작물의 경우 토마토 재배를 위한 질소량의 62%를 고정하였다. 두과 녹비작물로 구성된 작부체계(Hv-To-Sb-To)의 토마토 수량은 관행(Cf-To-Cf-To)과 유사하였으나, 화본과 녹비로 구성된 처리구(Ry-To-Sd-To)의 수량은 두과 녹비작물 처리구 수량의 40% 수준으로서 현저한 수량 감소가 나타났다. 한편 두과 녹비작물 활용에 따른 질소공급 효과로 인해 토마토 생육 및 과실 생산량은 증가한 반면, 후작물에 의한 양분흡수량이 많아 Ry-To-Sb-To 작부체계의 N:P:K 수지량은 -80:-59:<TEX>$-480\;kg\;ha^{-1}\;yr^{-1}$</TEX>로서 양분의 불균형이 심각하였다. 역으로 화본과 녹비로 구성된 Ry-To-Sb-To 작부체계의 N:P:K 수지량은 43:1:<TEX>$130\;kg\;ha^{-1}\;yr^{-1}$</TEX>로서 양분수지상 3요소 모두 양의 값을 보였으나, 이는 화본과 녹비작물의 낮은 질소 고정량과 높은 C/N율로 인해 후작물 토마토의 생육이 부진하였던 결과로 판단된다. 결론적으로 두과 녹비작물 토양 환원시 양분 수지량에서 큰 음의 값을 보였을지라도 관행수준의 토마토 수량을 얻을 수 있다는 관점에서 두과녹비는 화학비료 없이 유기농 재배를 위한 양분공급 및 토양지력 증진 방안으로서 활용 가능하고, 일반 토마토 재배 시에도 다소의 부족한 양분 수지량만 조정한다면 균형된 작부체계로 이용할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다. To investigate the effects of incorporation of green manures (GM) into a sandy loam soil on growth, yield, and nutrient uptake of tomato (Lycoperiscon esculentum Mill.) and nutrient balances (input minus offtake of nutrients), five tomato production systems were compared under the condition of plastic film house: 1) a no input system (no additional amendment or inputs, 0-To-0-To); 2) a conventional system (application of N-P-K chemical fertilizers, Cf-To-Cf-To); 3) a leguminous GM-containing system (hairy vetch-tomato-soybean-tomato, Hv-To-Sb-To); 4) a graminaceous GM-containing system (rye-tomato-sudan grass-tomato, Ry-To-Sd-To); and 5) system mixed with leguminous and graminaceous GMs (rye-tomatosoybean- tomato, Ry-To-Sb-To). Here, hairy vetch and rye were cultivated as winter cover crops during late <TEX>$Dec{\sim}late$</TEX> Feb and soybean and sudan grass were cultivated as summer cover crops during late <TEX>$Jun{\sim}mid$</TEX> Aug. All of them cut before tomato planting and then incorporated into soil. Biomass of GMs was greater in summer season than that of winter season. Nitrogen amount fixed by a leguminous plants was about <TEX>$126\;kg\;ha^{-1}$</TEX> per a cropping season, corresponding to 60% N level needed for tomato production, which was comparable to 50 and <TEX>$96\;kg\;ha^{-1}$</TEX> fixed by rye and sudan grass. As a result, tomato yield of Hv-To-Sb-To system (legume GM treatment) was similar to Cf-To-Cf-To (conventional), but that in Ry-To-Sd-To system (graminaceous GM treatment) was not attained to a half level of conventional treatment. Nutrient budgets for N, P and K on the conventional farm were balanced or somewhat positive exception for minus-balanced K. Ry-To-Sd-To system showed a positive N, P and K budgets due to the depressed growth of tomato which is caused by high C/N ratio and low N-fixing capacity of the GMs. Inversely, those of Hv-To-Sb-To system were negative in all of N, P and K budgets because of increased growth and yield of tomato with high nitrogen-supplying capacity as well as low C/N ratio of leguminous GM. In conclusion, although conventional cultivation has an advantage in relation to N, P and K nutrient budgets rather than GM-incorporated systems, a leguminous GMs could be recommended as nitrogen reservoir and soil amendment because the yield of tomato between use of leguminous GM and conventional cultivation was not only significantly difference, but also GMs commonly reduce nutrient loss and improve microbial communities.

In the present study, a field experiment was conducted to study the effect of tomato tone organic fertilizers on tomato for its growth and yield of tomato. A field experiment was performed in wagan city, larkana, sindh, Pakistan, during the period from April 2021 to October 2021 to quantify the effect/impact of Tomato tone on growth and yield of summer tomato. The experiment consisted of two level of the Tomato tone viz. H0: no Tomato tone (H1) 2% Tomato tone. The test became laid out in the randomized entire block design with two replications. Outcomes found out that the tremendous variant was found for the special increase contributing characters of summer season tomato due to tomatotonse. The longest plant about (72.1cm), greatest number of leaves (49), greatest number of flowers/plant (9.9), The very best duration of fruit (4.9 cm) found from the (H1) Highest wide variety of the end result/plant (39.1), and the best yield/plant (4.2 kg) And the best yield (21.8 t/ha) turned into found from (H1). Alternatively, the lowest plant peak, or lowest yield, and the lowest wide variety of leaves, flower and end result was observed from the H0 (control).

The present study aimed to investigate the impact of bio-stimulants on the growth and yield of Tomato (var. PKM-1) as an intercrop under Palmyrah plantation at the College Orchard of the Department of Horticulture, VOC Agricultural College and Research Institute, Killikulam, Thoothukudi district of Tamil Nadu during 2023-24. The maximum plant height at 30 (52.80 cm), 60 (73.40 cm) and 90 days after transplanting (86.47 cm), number of branches at 30 days after transplanting (3.20), 60 days after transplanting (7.60) and 90 days after transplanting (8.40), early flowering (26.2 days), 50 % flowering (39.8 days), individual fruit weight (30.29 g), number of fruits per plant (28.6), yield of fruits per plant (0.87 kg), yield per ha (31.97 ton per ha), chlorophyll a (0.89 mg per g), chlorophyll b (1.28 mg per g), total chlorophyll (1.65 mg per g), TSS (5.54° Brix), ascorbic acid content (23.87 mg per 100g), titrable acidity (0.65 %), lycopene content (2.47 mg per 100g)was recorded in (the 3 %) Panchagavya spray treatment. The salient findings revealed that among the different treatments, a 3 %Panchagavya spray demonstrated superiority in promoting the growth and yield of Tomato as an intercrop under Palmyrah in the dry land conditions of the Thoothukudi district. These findings highlight the potential of incorporating organic practices into intercropping systems suitable for arid and semi-arid regions.

Effect of methods and time of poultry manure application on soil and leaf nutrient concentrations, growth and fruit yield of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill)

Different soil amendments have various effects on crop growth, yield, and soil properties. The experiment was followed a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. Data on tomato growth and yield were collected, and soil samples were analyzed before and after the cropping seasons. Results showed that all amendments significantly increased tomato growth and yield compared to the control (no soil amendments). However, the amendments did not significantly affect days to first flowering (DFF), fruit length (FL), fruit diameter (FD), average fruit weight (AFW), fresh weight per plant (FWPP), or dry matter per plant (DMPP). In contrast, days after 50% flowering (D50 %F), plant height (PH), number of branches per plant, number of fruits per plant (NFPP), number of fruits per plot (NFPP), and yield per hectare (YPH) were significantly influenced by the soil amendments. Additionally, the shelf life of tomatoes was significantly (p &gt; 0.001) affected by the amendments on acidic soil. Regarding soil properties, lime, phosphorus, and Trichoderma improved soil chemical properties. The findings confirm that applying soil amendments enhances tomato growth, yield, and quality. Bangladesh Agron. J. 2024, 27(1): 48-54

To achieve higher economic returns, we employ inexpensive valley electricity for night-time supplementary lighting (NSL) of tomato plants, investigating the effects of various durations of NSL on the growth, yield, and quality of tomato. Tomato plants were treated with supplementary light for a period of 0 h, 3 h, 4 h, and 5 h during the autumn-winter season. The findings revealed superior growth and yield of tomato plants exposed to 3 h, 4 h, and 5 h of NSL compared to their untreated counterparts. Notably, providing lighting for 3 h demonstrated greater yields per plant and per trough than 5 h exposure. To investigate if a reduced duration of NSL would display similar effects on the growth and yield of tomato plants, tomato plants received supplementary light for 0 h, 1 h, 2 h, and 3 h at night during the early spring season. Compared to the control group, the stem diameter, chlorophyll content, photosynthesis rate, and yield of tomatoes significantly increased upon supplementation with lighting. Furthermore, the input-output ratios of 1 h, 2 h, and 3 h NSL were calculated as 1:10.11, 1:4.38, and 1:3.92, respectively. Nonetheless, there was no detectable difference in yield between the 1 h, 2 h, and 3 h NSL groups. These findings imply that supplemental LED lighting at night affects tomato growth in the form of light signals. Night-time supplemental lighting duration of 1 h is beneficial to plant growth and yield, and its input-output ratio is the lowest, which is an appropriate NSL mode for tomato cultivation.

A field experiment was carried out during 2014-15, 2015-16 and 2016-17 in silty clay loam soil of Bihar, to study the effect of drip irrigation and black polyethylene mulch compared with furrow irrigation on growth, yield and water productivity of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) and brinjal (Solanum melongena L.). Drip irrigation influenced the growth and yield characters of both vegetable crop as compared to furrow method of irrigation. Further, drip irrigation significantly increased the fruit yield of tomato and brinjal by 26.9 and 40 percent, respectively. Mulching also had a positive effect on yield attributing characters, viz. days taken to flowering, average single fruit weight and number of fruits/plant of both tomato and brinjal. Use of black polyethylene mulch gave 38.6 and 44.6% higher yield of tomato and brinjal compared with unmulched treatments (35 and 26 t/ha, respectively).Tomato variety Swarna Sampada and brinjal variety Swarna Shobha performed better over other varieties irrespective of drip and mulch. Drip irrigation in combination with black polyethylene mulch significantly increased the plant height, dry matter production, number of fruits/plant, fruit weight and finally raised the tomato yield and brinjal yield to 54.4 and 44.45 t/ha with 34% water saving. The average water productivity (17.0 and 13.9 kg/m3) of tomato and brinjal was also maximum in drip irrigated mulched crops.

The mechanism of greenhouse tomato growth and yield under the integrated water and fertilizer of moistube irrigation (MI) is not clear. Thus, to fill the research gap, a completely randomized trial design was used to study the effects of different irrigation amounts (I; to realize different I, the tube working pressure was 1 (I1), 2 (I2), 3 (I3) m) and fertilizer amounts (F, N-P-K: 20%-20%-20%; the F at a single time was 100 (F1), 200 (F2) and 300 (F3) kg/ha) on growth and yield of tomato. The results showed that with an increase in I, the photosynthetic rate (Pn) of leaves and total dry matter mass (TDM) first increased and then decreased, while the nutrition and the flavor indexes of fruit decreased. With an increase in F, the Pn of leaves, the TDM of tomato and the fruit quality increased at first and then decreased. The effects of I on the yield of tomato was higher than that of F. With an increase in I, the partial fertilizer productivity (PFP) increased at first and then decreased, and the water use efficiency (WUE) decreased by 13.96%. With an increase in F, the WUE increased at first and then decreased, and the PFP decreased by 148.97%. The conclusion based on a spatial analysis was consistent with the comprehensive evaluation of yield and water use efficiency, which showed that I2F2 was the best.

Appropriate foliar application of zinc (Zn) and zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) is important for the proper growth and yield of tomato. However, the effects of foliar application of Zn and ZnO-NPs were not well-studied on tomato production. A pot experiment was conducted at glasshouse (8D) conditions under the Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM) to evaluate the effectiveness of Zn and ZnO-NPs on growth, yield, nutrient uptake, and fruit quality of tomatoes and to compare between the Zn nutrient and ZnO-NPs. Treatment combinations were 14 viz. T1 = 0 (control), T2 = 1500 ppm (mg/L) Zn nutrient, T3 = 2000 ppm (mg/L) Zn nutrient, T4 = 2500 ppm (mg/L) Zn nutrient, T5 = 75 ppm ZnO nanoparticle, T6 = 100 ppm ZnO nanoparticle, and T7 = 125 ppm ZnO nanoparticle along with two tomato varieties. The experimental design was a split plot with four replications. Results indicated that foliar application of 100 ppm ZnO-NPs performed best in terms of growth parameters, physiological traits, yield attributes, yield, and quality traits of tomatoes. The same treatment (100 ppm ZnO-NPs) contributed to attain the highest nutrient uptake. Recovery use efficiency of Zn was highest with foliar application of 75 ppm ZnO-NPs. The highest yield increment (200%) over control was from foliar sprayed with 100 ppm ZnO-NPs. Comparing the two varieties, MARDI Tomato-3 (MT3) showed better than MARDI Tomato-1 (MT1). As is appears from the results, foliar application of zinc oxide nanoparticles was more efficient than conventional zinc fertilizer. Therefore, the foliar sprayed with 100 ppm ZnO-NPs can be suggested to improve quantity and quality of tomato in glasshouse soil conditions.

Background: Development of fortified organic formulations using various organic sources and fertilizers for soil application will ensure efficient nutrient management in homestead vegetable production systems. Fortified organic formulations will help in preventing nutrient leaching also. Hence, the present study has been undertaken during 2019-20 to develop low cost fortified organic manure discs using various biodegradable agro waste materials and NPK fertilizers and to study its effect on growth and yield of tomato in sandy soils of Kerala. Methods: A fortified manure disc was developed by combining local biodegradable agro waste materials with conventional NPK fertilizers. Organic manures like rice husk ash, cow dung, rice husk, coirpith compost, vermicompost, neem cake and clay were used to develop the manure disc. The combination of organic manures was fortified with fertilizers at various proportions of manure: fertilizer viz., 1:1, 2:1, 0.5:1 and manure alone and used for incubation for a period of two months to study the nutrient release pattern of N, P and K.The 2:1(manure: fertilizer) formulation was selected based on the highest peak of nutrient availability of N, P and K even after 2 months. Effect of fortified manure disc was evaluated by using tomato variety Anagha as test crop in a pot culture experiment. Result: Growth, yield and quality of tomato increased significantly due to the application of fortified manure disc. The highest yield per plant of 0.97 kg was recorded for T8 (50% recommended dose fortified manure disc in 2 splits) and lowest yield was recorded for T9 (Manure alone). The fortified manure disc had a significant influence on nutrient use efficiency also. The highest NUE of 45.5% was recorded in treatment T8 (50% fertilizer fortified discs in 2 splits). Study revealed that fortified manure disc is a promising technology to reduce nutrient leaching and enhancing the nutrient use efficiency in sandy soils. Fifty percentage reduction in the recommended dose of NPK fertilizers were achieved by fortifying the manure disc with fertilizers.Thus the cost of fertilizers and fertilizer load per unit area can be reduced by the application of fortified manure disc which will act as slow release fertilizer.

Field experiments were conducted at Akure, Nigeria, in a rainforest zone of Southwest Nigeria to study the effect of goat manure (droppings) on some soil physical and chemical properties and nutrient status, growth and yield of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum). Five levels of manure (0, 10, 25, 40 and 50 t/ha) were applied on the soil surface to two crops of tomato at each of two sites; namely, Federal College of Agriculture and Federal University of Technology. Soils were deficient in organic matter (OM), total N, exchangeable Ca and available P. Soil OM, total N, available P and moisture content increased with the level of manure, while soil bulk density decreased. Leaf N, P, K, Ca and Mg, growth and fruit yield of tomato were significantly increased by goat manure treatments. Leaf K, Ca and Mg, plant height, number of branches, leaf area, root length, number of fruits and fruit diameter increased with the level of manure. However, the 25 t/ha manure gave optimum values of number and weight of fruits. The mean fruit yields recorded for 0, 10, 25, 40 and 50 t/ha goat manure were 15.0, 19.7, 23.7, 24.3 and 22.3 t/ha, respectively. It is concluded that goat manure is suitable for improving soil physical and chemical properties and growth and yield of tomato.