Abstract
This review is focused on the strategies and designs of magnetic nanostructured catalysts showing the enhanced and sustainable catalytic performances for the heterogeneous reduction of nitoaromatics. Magnetic catalysts have the benefits of easy recovery and reuse after the completion of the reactions and green chemical processes. Magnetic separation, among the various procedures for removing catalysts, not only obviates the requirement of catalyst filtration or centrifugation after the completion of reactions, but also provides a practical technique for recycling the magnetized nanostructured catalysts. Consequently, discussions will address the methodologies and exemplars for the reusable magnetic composite catalysts. Because the synthesis of ideal magnetic nanostructured catalysts is of primary importance in the development of high-quality sustainable processes, the designs, preparation methods and recyclability of various recoverable magnetic nanostructured catalysts are emphasized. The representative methods and strategies for the synthesis of durable and reusable magnetic nanostructured catalysts are highlighted. The advantages, disadvantages, recyclability and the efficiency of the introduced heterogeneous systems have been explored in the reduction of nitrobenzene derivatives.
Highlights
The hydrogenation of organic compounds is a fundamental chemical transformation for the production of a large variety of important intermediates in the laboratory and industry [1,2].The reduction of nitroarenes to anilines is widely used in chemical processes, because aromatic amines are highly important chemicals for the preparation of fine chemical products, such as agrochemicals, pharmaceuticals, polymers, dyes, pesticides and cosmetics [3]
Gawande and colleagues introduced a sustainable protocol for the reduction of aromatic nitro compounds using a magnetically-separable and reusable magnetite supporting gold nanocatalysts under mild reaction conditions [44]
The magnetically recoverable nanocatalysts were evaluated in a model reaction, such as the reduction of nitroarenes owing to the great potential of the resulting anilines as building blocks in the chemical industry
Summary
The hydrogenation of organic compounds is a fundamental chemical transformation for the production of a large variety of important intermediates in the laboratory and industry [1,2]. Homogenous catalysts generally dissolve in reaction media, providing more readily-accessible active catalytic sites, which results in mild reaction conditions and good selectivity. These catalysts, have limited usages due to the problems in separating the products contaminated with unstable residuals and recycling the expensive catalysts [11]. Several procedures have been developed to synthesize durable and reusable heterogeneous catalysts for the reduction of nitro compounds. These catalysts are very favorable from a sustainable point of view [15]. The prospective applications, advantages and challenges of the introduced heterogeneous systems are studied
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