Magnesium Modulates Contractile Responses of Rat Aorta to Thiocyanate: A Possible Relationship to Smoking-Induced Atherosclerosis

Abstract

Thiocyanate anions (SCN−) as the end products of tobacco smoke and found in the blood of cigarette smokers have been implicated in atherogenesis and heart diseases. Magnesium deficiency has also been implicated in the etiology of atherogenesis. The contractile responses of rat aorta to SCN−and the modulation of extracellular magnesium ions ([Mg2+]o) on the effect of SCN−were, therefore, studied in isolated rat aortic rings. SCN−exposure at a range of concentrations (from 10−5to 5 × 10−2M) induces contractile responses of isolated rat aortic rings with and without endothelium in a concentration-dependent manner. Significant differences in responsiveness to SCN−were found in rat aortic ring segments with and without endothelial cells. Preincubation of these vessels with low [Mg2+]omarkedly shifted the contractile concentration–effect curves to the left, and the contractile effects of SCN−in rat aortic rings were potentiated. In contrast to lowering [Mg2+]o, increasing [Mg2+]oto 2.4 mM was found to dramatically attenuate the contractile responses to SCN−. In the absence of extracellular Ca2+([Ca2+]o), SCN−-induced contractions were, however, almost abolished after exposure to Mg2+-free medium.In order to investigate the mechanisms of [Mg2+]omodulation of SCN−-induced contractile response of rat aorta, changes in intracellular Ca2+([Ca2+]i) were measured in cultured primary smooth muscle cells isolated from rat aorta. The resting level of [Ca2+]iin the rat aortic smooth muscle cells was 80.6 ± 6.6 nM. Exposure of these cells to SCN−(5 × 10−5to 5 × 10−3M) produced rises in [Ca2+]iin a concentration-dependent manner. Preincubation of these cells with low [Mg2+]o(0 or 0.3 mM, the lowest physiological range) for 24 h significantly potentiated increments in [Ca2+]iinduced by SCN−. These rises in [Ca2+]iinduced by SCN−were completely inhibited by pretreating the cells with 2.4 mM [Mg2+]ofor 24 h. These results support a hypothesis whereby cigarette smoking or exposure to smoking can induce cardiovascular diseases, at least partly, probably by causing spasm and thicknening of arterial blood vessels as a consequence of large rises in [Ca2+]iin vascular smooth muscle cells. The chronic presence of or exposure to both thiocyanate and low Mg2+in the blood of smokers can result in rapid flux of Ca2+into vascular smooth muscle cells, thus accelerating or initiating atherosclerotic processes in smokers.