Macrosomía fetal: factores de riesgo y resultados perinatales

Abstract

IntroductionMacrosomia is defined as a birth weight of 4 000 g or more, and has an incidence of approximately 10%. It has been associated with multiple risk factors such as, previous body mass, diabetes, multiparity, male gender, etc. Macrosomia is an important cause of neonatal and maternal morbidity and mortality, and leads to an increase in the rate of caesarean sections. ObjectiveIdentify the prevalence of foetal macrosomia in our area, and to detect its main risk factors and perinatal outcomes. MethodsThe study included a total of 6 221 term infants born in Juan Ramón Jiménez Hospital during the years 2018 and 2019. A retrospective observational case control type study was carried out. ResultsThe incidence of macrosomia was 5.9%. The main risk factors associated with foetal macrosomia were: gestational age, male gender, multiparity, and pre-gestational diabetes, with statistically significant results. Regarding perinatal outcomes, an association was found between macrosomia and delivery. The risk of caesarean section in macrosomia is higher (OR 1.62, 95% CI; 1.3-2.1, p < 0.0001). Induction of labour doubles the risk of caesarean section (RR 2.32, 95% CI; 1.56-3.38, p < 0.0001). As neonatal complications, was associated with higher risk of shoulder dystocia (OR 11.45, 95% CI 7.1-18.5, p < 0.0001), clavicle fracture (OR 6.87, 95% CI; 1.3-37.4, p < 0.0258), and brachial plexus palsy (OR 13.74, 95% CI; 2.8-67.87, p < 0.0013). ConclusionsIt is important to determine the macrosomia risk factors in order to be able to identify these pregnant women, and prevent the associated complications. Currently, there is no consensus on how and when to end the pregnancy. Induction of labour or performing a caesarean section are partial strategies, which lead to an increase in caesarean sections without reducing complications.