Abstract
The bark of Rhus verniciflua Stokes (RVS) is used as a food additive and herbal medicine for various inflammatory disorders and cancer in Eastern Asia. RVS has been shown to exert anti-inflammatory effects in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated macrophages in vitro, but whether oral administration of RVS affects the inflammatory response of macrophage needs to be verified. RVS was given orally to mice for ten days. For isolation of macrophages, intraperitoneal injection of thioglycollate was performed. For determination of serum inflammatory response, intraperitoneal injection of LPS was applied. RVS stimulated monocyte differentiation in thioglycollate-induced peritonitis by increasing the population of cells expressing CD11b and class A scavenger receptors. These monocyte-derived macrophages showed an increased uptake of acetylated low-density lipoprotein. When peritoneal macrophages from the RVS group were stimulated with LPS, the levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-6 in the supernatant decreased, but the level of IL-12 increased. The surface expression of CD86 was reduced, but surface expression of class II major histocompatibility complex molecules was increased. RVS suppressed the serum levels of LPS-induced TNF-α and IL-6. Collectively, RVS promoted monocyte differentiation upon inflammatory insults and conferred selective anti-inflammatory activity without causing overall inhibitory effects on immune cells.
Highlights
Monocytes and macrophages are collectively called mononuclear phagocytes, and the function of these cells is to maintain immunity and tissue integrity [1]
Uptake was observed in the Rhus verniciflua Stokes (RVS) extract group (Figure 2). These results indicate that RVS extract enhances the activity of scavenger receptors expressed by monocyte-derived peritoneal macrophages
We found that LPS-induced serum levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and IL-6 were remarkably suppressed in the RVS extract group, even more so than in the supernatants of activated macrophages isolated from RVS extract-treated mice
Summary
Monocytes and macrophages are collectively called mononuclear phagocytes, and the function of these cells is to maintain immunity and tissue integrity [1]. Mononuclear phagocytes are involved in phagocytosis, inflammatory response, and the regulation of T cell activity throughout the body [1]. Recent studies have shown that tissue macrophages are created prior to birth and are maintained through local. Nutrients 2018, 10, 1926 proliferation, except in some tissues, such as the intestines and dermis, where monocytes constantly migrate [2]. As inflammation progresses, circulating monocytes are recruited to the inflamed tissue and differentiate into inflammatory macrophages [3]. Macrophages detect and remove them using various phagocytic receptors, including scavenger receptors [4]. Macrophages synthesize inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), which converts arginine and oxygen to nitric oxide (NO)
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