Abstract
Macrophages are an important component of the human immune system and play a key role in the immune response, which can protect the body against infection and regulate the development of tissue inflammation. Some studies found that macrophages can produce extracellular traps (ETs) under various conditions of stimulation. ETs are web-like structures that consist of proteins and DNA. ETs are thought to immobilize and kill microorganisms, as well as play an important role in tissue damage, inflammatory progression, and autoimmune diseases. In this review, the structure, identification, mechanism, and research progress of macrophage extracellular traps (METs) in related diseases are reviewed.
Highlights
Extracellular traps (ETs) are web-like structures composed of histones, double-stranded DNA, and elastases, which are ejected by immune cells and play a role in immune defense by capturing and killing bacteria, parasites, fungi, and other microorganisms
Liu et al found that Candida albicans could induce the formation of macrophage extracellular traps (METs) in mouse macrophages in a process independent of the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase/reactive oxygen species (ROS) system, but METs mainly inhibited the invasion of microorganisms by capturing them at the infected site, rather than directly killing them [17]
In a mouse model of rhabdomyolysis induced by intramuscular injection of glycerin, Okubo et al confirmed that hemeactivated platelets released from necrotic muscle cells during rhabdomyolysis bind to macrophage antigen 1 (MAC1) to enhance the production of METs through increasing intracellular ROS generation and histone citrullination
Summary
Extracellular traps (ETs) are web-like structures composed of histones, double-stranded DNA, and elastases, which are ejected by immune cells and play a role in immune defense by capturing and killing bacteria, parasites, fungi, and other microorganisms. In 2010, it was reported for the first time that mature and differentiated macrophages can produce ETs, called macrophage extracellular traps (METs). Another study has confirmed that METs can be produced by macrophages from different sources in response to a wide range of microorganisms and exogenous stimuli such as hypochlorous acid, PMA, IL-8, and TNF-α [7]. We briefly summarized the structure, identification, and mechanism of METs. we focused on the current research progress of METs in a variety of diseases (Figure 1)
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