Machine Learning Screening of COVID-19 Patients Based on X-ray Images for Imbalanced Classes

Abstract

COVID-19 is a virus that has infected more than one hundred and fifty million people and caused more than three million deaths by 13th of Mai 2021 and is having a catastrophic effect on the world population's safety. Therefore, early detection of infected people is essential to fight this pandemic and one of the main screening methods is radiological testing. The goal of this study is the usage of chest x-ray images (CXRs) to effectively identify patients with COVID-19 pneumonia. To achieve an efficient model, we combined three methods named: Convolution Neural Network (CNN), transfer learning, and the focal loss function which is used for imbalanced classes to build 3 binary classifiers, namely COVID-19 vs Normal, COVID-19 vs pneumonia and COVID-19 vs Normal Pneumonia (Normal and Pneumonia). A comparative study has been made between our proposed classifiers with well-known classifiers and provided enhanced results in terms of accuracy, specificity, sensitivity and precision. The high performance of this computer-aided diagnostic technique may greatly increase the screening speed and reliability of COVID-19 detection.