Abstract
As the members of reactive sulfur species, SO2 and biothiols play a significant role in physiological and pathological processes and directly influence numerous diseases. Furthermore, SO2 and biothiols can provide a reductive environment for lysosomes to carry out their optimal functionality. To this end, the development of single fluorescent probes for imaging SO2 and biothiols from different emission channels is highly desirable for understanding their physiological nature. Here, a lysosome-targeted fluorescent probe (BPO-DNSP) with a dual reaction site for SO2 and biothiols was presented. BPO-DNSP can sensitively and selectively respond to SO2 in the green channel with a large Stokes shift over 105 nm, and to biothiols in the near-infrared emission channel with a large Stokes shift over 109 nm. The emission shift for the two channels was as high as 170 nm. Colocalization experiments verified that BPO-DNSP can selectively enrich lysosomes. Notably, BPO-DNSP can not only be used to image intracellular SO2 and biothiols from two different channels, but also to monitor the conversion of biothiols to SO2 without adding exogenous enzymes in living HeLa cells.
Highlights
Reactive sulfur species (RSS), such as SO2 and biothiols, play a critical role in physiological and pathological processes [1,2,3,4]
If the cells were further treated with 500 μM exogenous SO2 for another 30 min (Figure 5i–l), the fluorescence in the green channel (Figure 5i) dramatically increased. These results indicated that BPO-DNSP could be used to image intracellular SO2 and biothiols from two different emission channels, and provide a possible way to monitor the production of endogenous SO2 and the conversion from biothiols to SO2 without adding exogenous enzymes to living cells
Two fluorescent probes caged with 2,4-dinitrobenzenesulfonyl (BPO-DNSP) and
Summary
Reactive sulfur species (RSS), such as SO2 and biothiols, play a critical role in physiological and pathological processes [1,2,3,4]. Biothiols, including cysteine (Cys), homocysteine (Hcy), and glutathione (GSH), can serve as unique units in intracellular signal transduction but can maintain redox homeostasis in the biological environment [5,6,7,8]. The intracellular biothiol concentration can be as high as 1–10 mM [2,9]. Abnormal levels of biothiols are critical for many diseases. The deficiency of biothiols can lead to lethargy, liver damage, psoriasis, and slow growth in children, whereas high levels of biothiols are considered to be associated with Alzheimer’s disease, cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, and cancers [10,11,12]. It has been reported that SO2 is directly related to symptoms of neurological disorders, cardiovascular diseases, and lung cancer [15]
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