Abstract
Abstract Luminescent lanthanide optical sensors have been developed that utilize ancillary ligands to enhance detection of a target analyte. In these systems, the lanthanide (ligand) binary complex serves as the receptor, which upon analyte binding forms a ternary complex resulting in detectable change in lanthanide luminescence ( Fig. 1 ). The ancillary ligand improves many properties of analyte detection by protecting the lanthanide and strengthening analyte binding affinity. Encapsulation shields the lanthanide ion from solvent-quenching effects and interfering ions, improving assay sensitivity and selectivity. The ligand-induced enhancement in binding affinity appears to be the result of an increase in positive charge at the analyte binding site due to the electronegative ancillary ligand bound on the opposite hemisphere of the lanthanide. We have elucidated the effects of ancillary ligands for various lanthanide/analyte systems and shown how such effects can greatly improve sensor performance for medical, planetary science, and biodefense applications.
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