<i>Regional Economic Development in Mexico</i>, de Alejandra Berenice Trejo Nieto

Karabakh region, also known as Nagorno-Karabakh, is a disputed territory located in the South Caucasus region. The region has been the subject of a long-standing conflict between Azerbaijan and Armenia, which resulted in a war in the early 1990s. The conflict was finally resolved in November 2020, with the signing of a ceasefire agreement between the two countries. The economic development of the Karabakh region has been a major challenge, given the ongoing conflict and the lack of recognition of the region by the international community. The relationship between science and industry has been recognized as an important factor in promoting economic growth and development. The Karabakh region, located in the South Caucasus, is a region with great economic potential, but also with a complex geopolitical situation. The role of science-industry relations in the economic development of the region has been discussed in recent years, but there is a need for a more comprehensive analysis of the topic. This article aims to explore the role of science-industry relations in the economic development of the Karabakh region. The article first provides an overview of the current state of science-industry relations in the region. It then identifies the main factors that hinder the development of science-industry relations, including lack of investment, inadequate infrastructure, and limited access to knowledge and technology. The study also proposes measures that can be taken to improve science-industry relations and stimulate economic growth in the region. These measures include increasing investment in research and development, improving infrastructure, promoting knowledge transfer and technology transfer, and fostering collaboration between academia and industry. To achieve these goals, there are some key steps that need to be taken. First, the development of a strong and supportive policy framework is essential. This should include policies that encourage investment in research and development, as well as initiatives that support the growth of small and medium-sized enterprises. Furthermore, measures should be taken to strengthen the regulatory environment and protect intellectual property rights. It is important to establish a strong network of research institutions and industries in the region. This can be achieved through the creation of science parks, incubators, and other collaborative spaces that bring together researchers, entrepreneurs, and businesses. Such networks can promote knowledge exchange, foster innovation, and provide opportunities for training and skill development. It is crucial to ensure that the benefits of science-industry collaborations are shared equitably across the region. This means promoting inclusive growth and ensuring that marginalized groups, such as women and minorities, are not left behind. Efforts should also be made to ensure that the economic benefits of these partnerships are sustainable in the long term. In conclusion, science-industry relations can play a significant role in the economic development of the Karabakh region. By promoting innovation, entrepreneurship, and collaboration, this partnership can lead to sustainable and inclusive growth that benefits the region's population. However, achieving these goals will require a concerted effort on the part of policymakers, researchers, and business leaders to establish a supportive policy framework, foster collaboration, and promote equitable growth. This article highlights the importance of science-industry relations in the economic development of the Karabakh region and provides insights into the current state of science-industry relations in the region. The proposed measures can help to create a more conducive environment for science-industry collaboration, which can ultimately contribute to the economic growth and development of the region. Keywords: science-industry relations, economic development, Karabakh region, innovation, technology transfer.

In the development process of the social era at that time, the concept of regional economic upgrading and development was in a very important position. Realizing the conversion of old and new kinetic energy to promote high-quality economic development is the focus of economic work at present and in the future. This study mainly discusses the upgrading and development of regional economy based on digital and intelligent innovation. Through the analysis of the influencing factors of the total economic volume and its growth rate, this study has a preliminary understanding of the development advantages and disadvantages of each district, county, and city in the process of regional economic upgrading. Through the comprehensive evaluation of the regional economic development of the province, it can obtain the distribution of the development degree of each district, county, and city and the comprehensive competitiveness of the regional economy. To sum up, a quantitative analysis has been carried out on the status quo of the provincial regional economic development. It uses a grayscale prediction model to predict the future of digital economic development, intelligent innovation, and regional economic development. The grey prediction model is a prediction method that establishes a mathematical model to make predictions through a small amount of incomplete information. Based on the past and present development laws of objective things, it uses scientific methods to describe and analyze future development trends and conditions and form scientific assumptions and judgments. The study found that province A ranked first in the comprehensive index of digital economy development. With its superior geographical location, it has become the vanguard of reform and opening up. It has been committed to the construction of the national digital economy innovation and development pilot zone and has achieved remarkable results, increasing from 0.6302 in 2017 to 1.317 in 2021. It ranks second in the comprehensive development index of economic growth. Province A increased from 0.4501 in 2017 to 0.8177. Province B ranks second in terms of the comprehensive digital economy development index, increasing from 0.5504 in 2017 to 1.1340 in 2021. Province B, with strong economic strength and prosperous trade, ranked first in the composite economic growth index, increasing from 0.4527 in 2017 to 0.8514. The upgrading of regional economic structure is an important way to achieve high-quality economic development in the new era. In the process of upgrading the regional economic structure, there are changes in factor allocation, resource consumption intensity, input-output efficiency, and environmental quality, which have a certain impact on economic development. This research will help to promote the process of regional economic upgrading and development.

Social and economic development is a difficult process in which positive and negative factors interact that causes rises and recessions in development of territories and public communities. Indicators of rating act as indicators of efficiency of management decisions at the central and local levels. However, the level of economic development doesn’t coincide with social development in most of regions of Ukraine.
 The purpose of article is adaptation of a matrix method to rating estimates of social and economic development of regions for identification of regional distinctions, definition of priorities and strategic management of development of regions.
 The economic development of the regions was estimated by GRP per capita, the average salary of employees and the unemployment rate (according to the ILO methodology). Social development is characterized by the number of people enrolled in higher education institutions per 10,000 population; coefficient of incidence of the population; volumes of emissions of pollutants in atmospheric air, thousand tons; crime rates.
 The multidimensional average method with the standardization of indicators based on the variation range was used to calculate the integral indicators of economic and social development. On the basis of integral coefficients, the ranking of regions according to economic and social development was executed. It is established that for the regions of Ukraine there is a characteristic imbalance between economic and social development, which is connected, first of all, with different structure of the economy and territorial differences of regions.
 The combination of results of economic and social development of regions was proposed with the help of building a matrix as a tool for strategic management. In the graphs (vertically), the level of economic development is singled out, in lines (horizontally) the level of social development of the regions is singled out, with the identification of three groups: low, medium and high levels.
 Regions with low economic and low social level get to 1 square; in 2 – with low economic and average social; in 3 – with low economic and high social; in 4 – with average economic and low social; in 5 – with average economic and average social; in 6 – with average economic and high social; in 7 – with high economic and low social; in 8 – with high economic and average social; in 9 – with high economic and high social level.
 Calculations show that in Ukraine no region was detected with simultaneous high levels of economic and social development (the 9th square). The vast majority are regions with average economic and average social development and also regions “below or above an average” level of development, that is one of the directions (economic or social) is “low”, and the second, accordingly, “average”. The position of the region in a matrix specifies what development strategy should be chosen. The economic and social development is higher; the capacity of the region for increase in the standard of living of the population is higher. High economic and social development is followed by the high potential of the region to increase the standard of living of the population.

Introduction At any given point in time, a judgment of territorial unevenness in the development of a regional system makes sense only by comparison with a particular standard level or with some other regional system (Slepneva, 2016). It is certain that the economic and social space cannot be entirely homogeneous--so it is perfectly OK, and may in some instances even be beneficial, if there is some differentiation of the social-economic space, since differentiation may inject some dynamism into the development of the regional economy (Tsyrenov, 2015). In the current literature, the level of regional differentiation in Russia is mostly regarded as atypical, with a much greater degree of differentiation being noted compared with unevenness levels deemed suitable for effective development, when viewed relative to developed countries (Kuznetsova, 2006). On the whole, regional differentiation is regarded as both a process and an outcome of the formation of distinctions between particular areas within the state. In this regard, it is worth pointing up two major characteristics of regional differentiation: (1) it is always relative and is there only by comparison with something else; (2) it can be characterized through a variety of miscellaneous indicators, with only those selected that are most relevant to a specific case. Relevance of the Issue At present, there are difficulties in ensuring even and sustainable development in regions across Russia due to high levels of non-uniformity and imbalance across the nation's economic space, which is reflected in profound social-economic differentiation among regions. Non-uniformity in the economic development of regions is observed on virtually all parameters for social and economic development, with the growing economic domination of certain regional systems over others being observed. (Medvedeva, et al., 2016; Akopova and Przhedetskaya, 2016; Frank et al., 2016). The emerging differences in regional development are, on the hand, injecting some dynamism into the processes of formation of a single regional economic space, and, on the other, are leading to wider gaps between the social-economic development levels of areas within a region. That being said, it is the nature of economic development that determines substantially the process of differentiation in economic indicators within the region itself. The economic development of an entire region is governed, in turn, by the nature of the territorial stratification and economic development of municipal units that make it up. Therefore, in developing the general concept of the development of a regional economy, it pays to factor in some of the specific characteristics of the development of municipal economic systems. It is in this regard that researchers have been taking an interest in the comprehensive economic-statistical analysis of unevenness in the social-economic development of regional municipal units, especially from the perspective of regional policy designed to ensure well-balanced economic development across the region and the nation as a whole. There is all the more reason for this as, in terms of Russia's regional governance practices, due to great diversity among RF constituents and the complexity and multi-scale nature of objectives pursued, there is still no uniform and universally accepted methodology for assessing unevenness in the social-economic development of regional municipal units. Importance of the Issue Uneven regional development reflects the state of a regional system characterized by significant differences in the level of economic, technological, institutional, social, and environmental development, which tend to impair the sustainability of the regional system and, on top of that, may lead to its deformation, resulting in differentiation and asynchronicity in the development of the system's elements. All this may eventually lead to declines in the region's combined potential and affect the social-economic state of affairs both in the region as a whole and in its municipal units in particular (Sokolovskii and Grentikova, 2012; Shekhovtsov et al. …

Sports infrastructure development signals a major economic development in regional and local areas. It has considered one of the main policies related to promoting public health, by various studies. However, economic factors also come into play in the design and location of sports facilities. Our research aims to examine whether the economic development in the regions in Spain helps promote sports infrastructure development, using a synthetic indicator. We also examine the potential relationships in the main economic indicators that determine the wealth and economic development of the regions. There is a significant relationship between the degree of economic development in each Spanish region and the level of sports infrastructure resources. Insufficient investment in sports infrastructure, leads to fewer opportunities for Physical Activity by the population. These results should serve to redirect building planning and sports management policies onto the right path, and also give food for thought.

The purpose of the work is to analyze the transformation, differentiation of spatial socio–economic development of the regions bordering Ukraine as part of the Central Chernozem region and their regional metropolises. The results of the study confirmed two types of structures of regional settlement systems of the CCR border regions: Belgorod dual-core and monocentric Voronezh and Kursk with established features of non-metropolitan reduction trends and different vectors of development of border settlement. Dynamics of economic development of the regions since 2010 it indicates a significant transformation and differentiation, a change of leader, a stable nature of the processes of divergence of regions in the levels of development. It is revealed that in 2020 the highest indicators of economic development were achieved by the Voronezh region, the first signs of stagnation of the economic development of the Belgorod region were established, in which a reduction in investment, a change in the geopolitical situation in 2022, the border situation can lead to a decrease in the investment attractiveness of large businesses, a further drop in the pace of economic development, the emergence of instability. The reduction of the share of metropolises in the socio-economic development of the regions, the formation of a new trend – "de-monocentricity" has been established. A retrospective analysis of the population growth/loss ratio revealed a persistent trend of population concentration in suburban metropolitan areas against the background of a continuing decline in the population of the deep regions of the regions. The territories bordering Ukraine are characterized by different vectors of economic and demographic development. The conducted research allowed us to establish the trends of uneven spatial development; the polarization of the development of regional metropolises, non-metropolitan and border areas; the tightening of the population in the regional capitals-metropolises and suburban areas. The methodology of studying the spatial development of regions, regional metropolises provides an opportunity to monitor their levels of development, identify priority problems, and make effective management decisions.

The current status of regional development is characterized by number of problems, associated with the depletion of natural resources and environmental pollution, that requires the development of green growth strategies. The measures to be taken should be differentiated depending on economic and ecological conditions of regions and their peculiarities. This article proposes a methodological approach to conducting a comprehensive assessment of ecological and economic development of regions. The approach is based on building a matrix of economic and ecological development of regions (a matrix summarizes the changes of numerous environmental and economic indicators, including environmental investments and current expenditures, as well as the main indicators of economic development of various regions). Approbation of the methodological approach was carried out using data on 80 regions of Russia. This approach can be used to assess the effectiveness of environmental and economic integration of transboundary regions, characterized by complex and conflicting environmental and economic interactions.

The article examines the current trends in economic development of the Zaporizhzhia region in the context of the identified key areas of innovative development of Ukraine in accordance with the "Strategy for the Digital Development of Innovative Activity of Ukraine for the Period up to 2030". It is determined that current trends in economic development are being implemented in the Zaporizhzhia region despite the long-term armed aggression of the Russian Federation, insufficient financial investments, and a shortage of human capital. The need for the development of military technologies, support and unification of enterprises and organizations involved in the field of defense and security is substantiated. It is determined that current trends in economic development of the regions of Ukraine are a definition of global trends in the world. Particular attention is paid in the article to the steps that Ukraine will take in order to develop the sphere of innovation as quickly as possible and focus on the development of innovative products. It is revealed that current trends in the development of the world economy include: globalization, informatization, and transnationalization. As a conclusion, the implementation of modern trends of economic development in the Zaporizhzhia region has several problems – the lack of highly qualified human resources, insufficient funding, proximity to the front line and the occupation of most of the territory of the region. Modern economic development in the region, unfortunately, now has many problems and is experiencing difficulties due to the lack of highly qualified human resources, the lack of sufficient financial assistance, the resolution of daily social issues due to military shelling. It is determined that modernity and innovation are closely related and depend on each other, so, innovative products set the modern trend, and innovative development serves as an impetus for economic growth and development.

Objective: The article aims to explore the impact of trade openness on the economic development of Ukrainian regions in different conditions, with a particular focus on the global financial crisis (2007-2009) and the ‘hybrid’ stage of the war (2014-2021). Research Design & Methods: We analysed the influence of trade openness on economic development, considering exchange rate fluctuation and foreign direct investment (FDI). Based on 21 input variables, we created the composite index of economic development using principal component analysis. To verify the hypothesis about the impact of determinants on economic development, we employed this index as a dependent variable in autoregressive dynamic panel models with error correction terms. We used trade openness, exchange rate, and foreign investment as explanatory factors. The article presents the examination of the effects of the mentioned variables across several regional categories, including coastal vs. non-coastal regions, regions with different levels of urbanisation and trade openness, and regions affected by military occupation. Findings: The findings reveal that trade openness has a significant positive impact on regional development, with its highest influence in the pre-war period. Economic growth of coastal regions is more sensitive to trade openness and FDI, compared to non-coastal regions. Moreover, regions with a higher level of trade openness experience stronger positive effects of FDI. We identified the increased impact of trade openness and FDI on the economic development of coastal regions during the 2007-2009 crisis. On the other hand, their influence decreases in non-coastal regions, compared to pre-crisis years. Furthermore, FDI has a positive effect on economic performance, particularly in non-occupied regions. Implications & Recommendations: The article’s results are important to better understand the interaction between trade openness and the economic development of Ukrainian regions, especially during the crisis and war periods. The findings indicate that higher trade openness should be achieved to ensure the economic stability of the country’s regions. That is why it is necessary to develop a strategy for the expansion and diversification of Ukrainian exports. The received results could help improve target programs that aim to promote the economic development of the country’s regions. The findings could also serve trade-oriented businesses to understand regional processes in more detail and to enhance decision-making under war conditions. Contribution & Value Added: The novelty of the article is threefold: (i) practical analysis of Ukraine that can serve as a benchmark in future research for comparative analysis between this country and other economies; (ii) comparison of the impact of trade openness on economic development of regions under crisis and non-crisis conditions; and (iii) the use of several classifications of the country’s regions (i.e., the proximity to the war zone, the sea access, and the urbanisation level) to identify peculiarities of the above-mentioned impact during the ‘hybrid’ stage of the war.

Modern tourism plays an increasingly important economic role in regional development. However, in the practice of regional economic development, there is often a lag in economic development where the tourism industry is prosperous. We explored the potential impact of the development level of informatization on the coupling and coordination relationship between the tourism industry and regional economic development. Using provincial panel data from 2008 to 2017, we constructed a spatial Dubin model for empirical research. We established an evaluation model for the coupling and coordination relationship between tourism and regional economic development based on the establishment of evaluation models and indicator systems for informatization, tourism, and regional economic development. The results show that improvements to informatization generally promoted the coupling and coordination of tourism and regional economic development. Informatization not only improved the coupling and coordination of tourism and economic development in the region but also had significant spatial spillover effects. In addition to the influencing factors at the information level, the advantages of tourism resources and the level of economic development on the whole also helped to improve the degree of coupling and coordination, while the widening of the income gap between urban and rural areas hindered coordinated development. Further discussion shows that informatization will affect the degree of coupling and coordination between the tourism industry and regional economic development by influencing the level of institutional environment. The findings highlight the need to focus on diversified development of the regional tourism industry and economy while improving the level of informatization and strengthening cross-regional cooperation during informatization. The conclusions contribute to improving the coordinated development of regional tourism and regional economy and provide a scientific basis for the development of informatization and the formulation of tourism and economic policies.

Under the background which Chinas economy enjoys fast and sound development, it also face the uneven regional economy development, the gap between all the region is also getting larger and larger. While in order to control this trend, we must be talent-oriented, the most important resource is the talent, human resource is the driven force behind the regional economy development, only by bringing human resource into full play, can we better play the role as the transfer station in the eastern coastal areas, and further develop the middle regional economy, and better realize the goal of develop the West region development, promote the economy development of different regions. For that, it is of significant meaning to explore the regional economy development and human resource ecological system. The analysis of the current situation of the regional economy development Currently, Chinas economy universal problem in the transition period is the uneven development of the regional economy. Due to the fact that China remains a developing country. So the nature of the nation require a healthy, orderly, coordinated development of different region, especially the stark divide and unlimited gap between different regions are absolutely prohibited, let alone the polarization, once this is occurred, it will undoubtedly effect the economy development, political stable and nation unity of our country, this actually a betray to the inner requirement and attribute of socialism, this is counterproductive to the development of socialism country. Although the economy in China has enjoyed continuos and fast development, but due to the difference in the subjective and objective conditions and historic and realistic reason, the uneven development in different region is very prominent, mainly manifested as: First, although there has formed Peral River Delta, Yellow River Delta and economic belt surrounding the bohai sea and many other economy zone in China, but this growing polars remain powerless in regard of radiation effect and range. Second is the uneven economy development in the three major economy zone. Ever since the implementation of reform and opening up policy, the economy development level in the western and middle part of China has exceeded some of the provinces in the east coastal line, but judging from the overall economy strength, the proportion of the east coastal regions GDP continuously climbing high remain a fact, the economy development quality and speed remain the descending situation from the east to the west, besides the gap between three major region is still on the rise. The third is that the difference in the different places within each region has lead to the different industry elements and structure survival rate, the economy difference inside these regions and the difference between the three major regions are particularly significant, it is an important part of the integrated regional economy development difference. The forth is the gap between the north part and south part in east and middle region constantly increases, according to the research of the relevant scholars and experts, the economy development in the south part in both east and middle region is very rapid, while the north part is relatively slow due to the geography condition, this situation brought some new uneven factors to the regional development in China. The reasons for this huge gap are various, but the uneven development of the capital market is an important reason. By comparing the capital market in the four major economy zones, we can find that there are obvious uneven situation in the capital market development in east, middle, north-east, west regions capital market.

Education resources refer to the sum of all manpower, material resources and financial resources invested in educational activities, which are scarce and mobile. On the one hand, due to the particularity of educational industry, education can’t provide education for everyone, and it’s also impossible for the state and society to put all resources into education due to the constraints of regional economic and social development. The allocation of educational resources is regional, and a balanced allocation of educational resources will have a great impact on the overall level of vocational education in different regions. Its coordination with regional economic development is also one of the indicators to evaluate educational resources. Therefore, the development status of each region is probably caused by the difference of education level. The influence of education on regional economic development has also become a hot topic discussed by scholars. In this paper, the influence of educational resources on regional economic development is further studied, and the research shows that the coordinated development of education and economy just adapts to Scientific Outlook on Development Thought of rapid, sound and balanced development. Education and economic development are mutually reinforcing and interdependent. The development of education promotes the economy, which in turn can provide more development resources and opportunities for education.

Increasing population and very modest economic growth are major concerns in regional economic development. There have been many fluctuations and inconsistencies in regional economic growth since the Second World War. Policy makers started to pay attention to the possibility of increasing entrepreneurial activities in the Northeast region after realizing that manufacturing firms alone cannot meet the employment needs of local residents. The United States has focused on providing more support to entrepreneurs to have a competitive economy. Entrepreneurship is important for economic activities such as employed resources, labor and capital goods pricing, organizing production, and marketing goods. This study develops relationships among population density, employment, per capita income, and new firm formation and self-employment as measures of entrepreneurship, assuming that these variables can be determined jointly.;The main objective of the study is to identify and estimate the impacts of entrepreneurship in the economic development of the Northeast region. A theoretical model is developed using endogenous growth theory. This model's emphasis is on the role of entrepreneurship in economic growth. In a theoretical conclusion the relationship between entrepreneurship and economic growth can be seen in two ways: entrepreneurial effect and production effect. At a social optimum, the entrepreneurial effect is stronger than the production effect and shows an increase in economic growth as entrepreneurship increases. For empirical analysis, two methods are used: non-spatial model and spatial model. The non-spatial model of this study is derived from the three-equation simultaneous model of Deller et al. (2001).The spatial model is derived from a Spatial Durbin Model with four equations. The study used the non-spatial simultaneous equations model to estimate the relationship using Three-Stage Least Squares (3SLS).;The empirical results of this study on the relationship between entrepreneurship and economic development are an extension that incorporates the simultaneous relationship of new firm formation and self-employment in the economic development of the region. Another contribution of this study is using the spatial Durbin model technique. New firm formation as a measure of entrepreneurship plays a significant role in the economic development of the Northeast region of the Unites States. Although, self-employment also contributes in the process of economic development, new firm formation has stronger impact on economic development than self-employment. The results of self-employment growth are weak in the empirical models. Basically, it is possible that entrepreneurship can enhance regional economic development.

The Borts and Stein (1964) theory of regional economic growth and development has been widely accepted and discussed in regional economic development literature. Given their assumption that labor demand conditions are invariant between regions and that the labor demand is highly wage elastic, they conclude that regional growth is primarily supply driven and differences in growth among regions arise due to differences in the growth of labor supply assuming that wage elasticity of labor supply is the same across regions. Muth (1968, 1971) claims to have verified the Borts and Steins (BS) conclusion. We propose a regional labor market based model of economic development similar to BS with certain modifications in assumptions and show that the Borts-Stein-Muth (BSM) conclusion is based upon a narrow view of labor demand and supply elasticities. Our theory demonstrates that regional development is mainly labor demand driven once we adopt a broader view of elasticities. The broader view incorporates the direct effect of wages on labor supply and labor demand as well as the indirect effects of wages through changes in inmigration and firms' formations in a region.

Miao, L. and Sun, Y.L., 2020. Quantitative analysis of regional economic balance and sustainable development in Yangtze River Delta and Pearl River Delta. In: Bai, X. and Zhou, H. (eds.), Advances in Water Resources, Environmental Protection, and Sustainable Development. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 115, pp. 570-574. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.This paper selects the per capita gross national product (GDP) and per capita marine product (PGDP) of the Pearl River Delta and the Yangtze River Delta from 2011 to 2016 as economic indicators, and analyzes the quantitative analysis of regional economic balance and sustainable development. Taking the water quality area proportion as the pollution index, combined with the possibility and form of the existence of the Marine Environment Kuznets curve (EKC), through quantitative analysis, it is found that there is no uniqueness between the balance of economic development and the aggravation of marine pollution. The contradiction between marine pollution control and regional economic development is not prominent. The active control of marine pollution has become the premise of the balanced economic development of the Yangtze River Delta and the Pearl River Delta.