<b>Synthesis and Characterization of a Magnetically Functionalized Silver-Curcumin-Chitosan Nanocomposite using Super Magnetite </b>

Background: Nanoparticles (NP) have been shown to have various useful applications. They are generally synthesized using chemical processes involving hazardous chemicals. Therefore, green synthesis of NPs using natural products can be an environmentally friendly alternative. Objectives: In this study, green synthesis of silver NPs (AgNPs) using pomegranate (Punica granatum) peel extract (PE) and its application in photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue (MB) dye were examined. Methods: PE-mediated AgNP synthesis was studied using different analytical methods, including ultraviolet-visible (UV-VIS) spectroscopy (surface plasmon resonance or SPR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Photocatalysis of MB dye was studied in the presence of synthesized NPs. Results: The color changes, UV-VIS spectra (SPR at around 442 nm within less than five minutes), XRD peaks (2θ: 38.18, 44.31, 64.61, and 77.50), FE-SEM-EDX data, and FTIR spectra confirmed the presence of AgNPs. PE-mediated AgNPs showed a high zeta potential (-68.93 mv), with an average particle size of 57.7 - 142.4 nm. The phytoconstituents of PE could act as both reductants and stabilizers. Photocatalytic degradation of MB dye was spectrophotometrically monitored using PE-mediated AgNPs as catalysts under sunlight irradiation. The absorbance of MB (2.557) was observed at 660 nm, which was reduced to almost 55 - 60% within one hour and degraded to almost 89% by 48 - 72 hours. Conclusions: AgNPs were rapidly synthesized within five minutes using pomegranate PE, which could degrade almost 89% of MB dye within 48 - 72 hours under sunlight irradiation; this finding indicates the potential of this natural product, although further exploration is needed.

Green synthesis of nanoparticles (NPs) is eco-friendly, biocompatible, cost-effective, and highly stable. In the present study, Citrus sinensis peel extract was utilized to the fabrication of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs). The fabricated SPIONs were first characterized using UV–Visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). The UV–Vis spectra analysis displayed a peak at 259 nm due to the surface plasmon resonance. The FTIR spectrum showed bands at 3306 cm−1, and 1616 cm−1 revealed the protein’s involvement in the development and capping of NPs. TEM analysis indicated that green synthesized SPIONs were spherical in shape with particle size of 20–24 nm. Magnetization measurements indicate that the synthesized SPIONs exhibited superparamagnetic behavior at room temperature. The antimicrobial activity, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), antioxidant potential, anti-inflammatory effect, and catalytic degradation of methylene blue by SPIONs were investigated in this study. Results demonstrated that SPIONs had variable antimicrobial effect against different pathogenic multi-drug resistant bacteria. At the highest concentration (400 μg/mL), SPIONs showed inhibition zones (14.7–37.3 mm) against all the target isolates. Furthermore, the MIC of synthesized SPIONs against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mutans, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, and Candida albicans were 3, 6.5, 6.5, 12.5, 50, 25 μg/mL, respectively. SPIONs exhibited strong antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and catalytic dye degradation activities. Interestingly, Fe3O4 SPIONs shows optimum magnetic hyperthermia (MHT) techniques under an alternating magnetic field (AMF) measured in specific absorption rate (SAR) of 164, 230, and 286 W/g at concentrations 1, 5, and 10 mg/mL, respectively. Additionally, these newly fabricated SPIONs virtually achieve significant execution under the AMF in fluid MHT and are suitable for biomedical applications.

Green chemistry is an interdisciplinary field that focuses on minimizing hazardous substances and promoting sustainable alternatives in chemical processes to conventional chemical processes and products. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the fundamental principles, historical development, and practical applications of green chemistry with a particular emphasis on its role in advancing sustainable chemical synthesis, analytical methodologies, and industrial practices. Originating from the environmental activism of the 1960 s inspired by Rachel Carson's"Silent Spring,"green chemistry was formally established in the 1990 s through the 12 principles set by Paul Anastas and John C. Warner. These principles emphasize waste prevention, atomic economy, reducing hazardous chemicals, and using renewable raw materials. Green chemistry significantly impacts sectors such as pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and education. In the pharmaceutical industry, it fosters environmentally safer analytical methods. The cosmetics sector benefits from biodegradable materials, while educational institutions implement sustainable waste management and laboratory practices. International conferences and academic publications have advanced global awareness of green chemistry, promoting sustainability goals like reducing environmental impacts, optimizing resource use, and minimizing waste. A key focus of this study is the green synthesis of nanoparticles which has emerged as a sustainable alternative to traditional synthesis methods that often rely on toxic reagents Plant-derived biomolecules serve as reducing and stabilizing agents in the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). These eco-friendly approaches eliminate the hazardous chemicals while yielding biocompatible nanoparticles with enhanced antimicrobial and catalytic properties, demonstrating their potential in nanotechnology and biomedical applications. Additionally, green analytical chemistry has revolutionized chemical monitoring by implementing solvent-free methodologies, real-time pollution tracking, and waste minimization techniques. The integration of green chemistry into academic and industrial settings has played a critical role in addressing global challenges such as environmental pollution, climate change, and resource depletion. This review highlights the necessity of widespread adoption of green chemistry principles to ensure economic sustainability, regulatory compliance, and scientific innovation. Future research should focus on optimizing green synthetic techniques, addressing scalability challenges, and fostering interdisciplinary collaboration to accelerate the transition toward a more sustainable future.Graphical abstract

Evaluating the biological activities of functionalized magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles with different concentrations of aqueous pine leaves extract

A facile route to sonochemical synthesis of magnetic iron oxide (Fe 3O 4) nanoparticles

Green synthesis of nanoparticles, especially by plant sources, has significant attention for their abundant bioactive metabolites and eco-friendly nature. This study aims to developed sustainable method for nanoparticles synthesis and exploring their radical scavenging and antibacterial potential. This study focuses on the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Benincasa fistulosa leaves extract, which acts as a plant-derived stabilizing agent for silver nitrate solution. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized using different techniques such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), UV-Vis spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Radical scavenging potential was assessed using 2, 2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), total phenolic contents (TPC) and total flavonoid contents (TFC). The highest antibacterial activity was shown against Bacillus subtilis 56±2.86, and antioxidant activities were evaluated using disk diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) methods. The results demonstrate that the silver nanoparticles exhibited good antimicrobial and antioxidant properties, highlighting their potential for various biomedical applications.

The green synthesis of nanoparticles through algae-mediated processes offers an eco-friendly, cost-effective, and scalable approach for producing nanomaterials with potential applications in cancer therapy. The present study investigated the algae-mediated green synthesis of dextran-coated titanium oxide nanoparticles (TiO2NPs) and evaluated their cytotoxic effects against MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Chlorella vulgaris was isolated and identified. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-amplification of the 18S ribosomal RNA gene was used to confirm the isolate. Dextran from C. vulgaris was used to prepare coated TiO2NPs), characterized using three techniques. The cytotoxicity of the dextran-coated TiO2NPs was evaluated using the MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay on MCF7- breast cancer cells at various concentrations (25, 50, and 75%) and exposure times (24, 48, and 72 hours). The bioactive compounds in the algal extract were also identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Chlorella vulgaris was successfully isolated as confirmed by the 345-bp PCR-amplified fragment. The characterization of the TiO2NPs confirmed the successful nanoparticle formation. A cluster of nanocrystalline particles had an average diameter of 71.44 nm. Compositional analysis revealed 15.85% atomic percentage for titanium. The dextran-coated TiO2NPs exhibited an impressive cytotoxicity rate of up to 99% at optimal concentration (25%) and exposure time (48 hours). Additionally, GC-MS analysis identified bioactive compounds in the algal extract, such as fatty acids, which may contribute to the observed anticancer effects. The study demonstrated the potential of algae-mediated TiO2NPs in cancer co-therapy, enhancing treatment effectiveness and reducing the side effects of traditional therapies.

General Background: Nanotechnology has gained significant attention for its potential applications in environmental remediation, particularly in the degradation of organic pollutants. Specific Background: Green synthesis of nanoparticles using plant extracts is a sustainable approach that reduces the need for hazardous chemicals. Knowledge Gap: However, the role of Laurus nobilis (bay laurel) in synthesizing cadmium nanoparticles (CdNPs) and their effectiveness in dye degradation remains underexplored. Aims: This study investigates the feasibility of synthesizing CdNPs using Laurus nobilis leaf extract as a natural reducing and stabilizing agent and evaluates their potential in methylene blue (MB) dye degradation. Results: The formation of CdNPs was confirmed by UV-visible spectroscopy, exhibiting a surface plasmon resonance peak at 435 nm, and SEM-EDX analysis revealed spherical nanoparticles with an average size of 61.36 nm and a cadmium composition of 87.57%. The synthesized CdNPs achieved a 60% degradation efficiency for MB dye under visible light exposure. Novelty: This work presents an eco-friendly, rapid, and simple method for synthesizing CdNPs using Laurus nobilis, highlighting the phytochemical-mediated nanoparticle stabilization. Implications: The findings demonstrate the potential of plant-based CdNPs for wastewater treatment applications, contributing to sustainable and green chemistry solutions for environmental pollution. Highlights: Green synthesis of cadmium nanoparticles using Laurus nobilis extract. Spherical CdNPs (61.36 nm) achieved 60% methylene blue degradation. Eco-friendly nanotechnology for wastewater treatment and environmental remediation. Keywords: cadmium nanoparticles, degradation, green synthesis, Laurus nobilis Leaves extract.

Rosmarinus officinalis leaf extract mediated green synthesis of silver nanoparticles and investigation of its antimicrobial properties

In this research, magnetic iron oxide/chitosan/hydroxyapatite (MCSHA) and magnetic iron oxide/ hydroxyapatite/chitosan (MHACS) nanocomposites were synthesized and by two methods. Begin, the magnetic nanoparticles of iron oxide were prepared by applying iron 2 and iron 3 by co-precipitate. Then, in the first method, after making magnetic Iron Oxide, the magnetic Iron Oxide was combined with chitosan and finally synthesized with hydroxyapatite. In the 2th method, after the preparation of magnetic iron oxide, it was combined with hydroxyapatite and finally synthesized with chitosan. The adsorbents were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. With both adsorbents, the methylene blue dye removal did and separated adsorbed by a magnetic field external, and were compared by the ultraviolet- visible spectrophotometer. Then, the surface morphology and elemental analysis of the (MCSHA) were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern. Also, the magnetic field it was characterized by vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) analysis. With regard to the percentage of removal above 1th method, it was used as an adsorbent magnetic iron oxide/chitosan/hydroxyapatite (MCSHA) to remove the methylene blue cationic dye from aqueous solution.

Excellent adsorption of Acid Flavine 2G by MgAl-mixed metal oxides with magnetic iron oxide

The conducting polymers are vital sources for fabrication of micro electronics chips, GMR sensors, membranes and flexible electrodes. Polyaniline is widely chosen for such products because of its conductivity range. This paper focuses on the studies of dual phase properties of Polyaniline (PANI) - Magnetic Iron Oxide (MIO) composites wherein MIO micro and nanoparticles were incorporated in polyaniline. This type of MIO-Polyaniline composites can enhance both conductive and magnetic property. Polyaniline was synthesized by redox polymerization technique with MIO both in micro and nanosize by in-situ polymerization. The MIO content was maintained at 0.2 to 0.6 gm with respect to 4.6 gm of aniline in polymerization reaction. The composites were characterized by FTIR, UV, XRD, SEM and VSM and conductivity unit. The saturation magnetization of composites was 0.0057 emu/g for 0.6 MIO micro spheres and 1.5507 emu/g for 0.6 MIO nanospheres. The DC conductivity values for pure PANI are 2.06x10-2 S/cm , 5.13x10-3 S/cm for PANI-0.6 micro MIO and 1.13x10-3 S/cm for PANI-0.6 nanoMIO. Micro tubular structure was observed for PANI composite in SEM . It is evident that the electrical properties are altered significantly on tailoring MIO in microtubes and the magnetic property is altered by tuning the composition of MIO from micro to nanorange. These composites will satisfy the properties for applications such as actuators, supercapacitors, EMI shielding, Fuel cells and Sensors. Key words: Polyaniline, Microtubes, Magnetic iron oxide, DC conductivity

Green synthesis of nanoparticles and their pharmacological implementation have gained importance in the field of nanotechnology. This study primarily aims to explore the use of Punica granatum L. seed oil as a reducing agent for the synthesis of cobalt nanoparticles, making it both economically and pharmacologically valuable. Gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy analysis was carried out to study the active metabolites present in P. granatum seed oil. The green synthesis of cobalt nanoparticles was established based on the color change of the reaction mixture from dark green to light green. These particles showed a ?max at 279.88 nm for UV-visible spectrometry analysis. Furthermore, X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FE SEM) and Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) were performed to confirm the nature of these nanoparticles. The pharmacological potential of these cobalt oxide nanoparticles was tested against microbial pathogens. The results suggest that these nanoparticles exhibited significant activity against various human bacterial and fungal pathogens. Additionally, in in vitro cytotoxicity analysis, demonstrated that CoONPs selectively targeted MCF-7 cancer cells with a significant IC50 value compared to non-cancerous cells (L929). In conclusion, this study demonstrated that green synthesized CoONPs using P. granatum show significant potential against eukaryotic cancer cells and microbial pathogens. Furthermore, this study has implications for medical research centers and pharmaceutical industries in addressing modern challenges such as increasing antibiotic resistance in communities.

Nanoparticle research is fascinating and getting hold of consequences due to the wide variety of applications in the biomedical field. Green synthesis of nanoparticles is a cost-effective and eco-friendly approach. It can be synthesised using fungi, algae, plant, yeast, bacteria, microbial enzymes etc. Our current research study focuses on the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using seed extract of Cassia tora. The colour change from yellow to red colour confirms the formation of silver nanoparticles. The synthesised silver nanoparticles were characterised by Ultraviolet-Visible spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and antibacterial efficacy against three different strains were analysed. The surface plasmon resonance of synthesised AgNPs using Cassia tora seed extract shows maximum absorption peak at 423nm in UV-visible spectroscopy. X-ray diffraction displays the crystalline nature of synthesised AgNPs and they exhibited four distinct peaks at 36.69°, 42.92°, 63.27° and 76.46°. The particle size of synthesised AgNPs observed through SEM was found to be 55.80nm, 58.97nm, 61.06nm, 63.26nm and 64.80nm. S.aureus exhibited maximum zone of inhibition of 12mm and 13mm when treated with 25 and 50 μl of the synthesised nanoparticles. Thus, the green synthesised silver nanoparticle using Cassia tora seed extract proved to possess strong anti-bacterial activity.

Green synthesis method of nanoparticles has been developed for several years. Besides providing environmental-friendly process, green synthesis of nanoparticles using plant extract provides synergistic effect of the secondary metabolite in such antibiotic activity. The study with an intensification process in nanoparticles formation is also gaining great attention. This research deals with the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Datura metel flower extract for the antibacterial agent. The use of ultrasound-assisted method for the synthesis was investigated. Synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using Datura metel flower extract under ultrasound- assisted method has been conducted. Evaluation of the successful synthesis was done using UV-visible spectrophotometry, particle size analyzer, x-ray diffraction, and transmission electron microscopy. The prepared AgNPs were tested as an antibacterial against S. aureus, K. pneumoniae, S. pyogenes, and E. coli. The ultrasound-assisted synthesis of AgNPs produces particles ranging from 25-70 nm in size; meanwhile, the reflux method demonstrated the size of 50-170 nm. These particles size represents the effect on the antibacterial activity as the ultrasound-assisted synthesized Ag NPs have higher inhibition zone towards all tested bacteria. Subsequently, these data presented the applicability of Ag NPs synthesis using an ultrasound method as a potential candidate for biomedical applications. The profile of UV-Visible spectra and particle size analyses demonstrated the applicability of the ultrasound technique to produce a smaller size of the nanoparticles with higher antibacterial activity.