<b>Impact of Gamification Based Formative Assessment Tasks on Higher Order Thinking Skills and Motivation </b>

Gamification-based formative assessment practices create opportunities for students to engage in an interactive learning environment with prompt corrective feedback, allowing them to monitor their performance. Prior research studies have yet to thoroughly investigate the impact of gamification-based formative assessment on students' higher-order thinking skills and motivation toward mathematics. Therefore, the study intended to cover the gap. True experimental research, utilising a pretest-posttest control and experimental design, was employed to investigate the study. The target population consisted of 248 students from class 5 enrolled in ten government schools in District Astore. A simple random sampling method was used to choose samples from the target population. Data was collected from students using higher-order thinking skills, pretest-posttest, and motivation pretest-posttest scale tools. Experts ensured validity and reliability through pilot testing. The results revealed a substantial difference in the higher-order thinking skills between the experimental group and the control group. Additionally, the Wilcoxon Signed Rank test indicates that the experimental group's motivation level is significantly higher than that of the control group. Hence, it highlights the positive impacts of gamification-based formative assessment tasks on students' motivation and higher-order thinking skills in terms of mathematics teaching. The research results recommended that gamification-based formative assessment practices be integrated into primary mathematics teaching to ensure prompt feedback and monitor performance. It also provides opportunities to improve higher-order thinking skills and motivation, and reduce ethical pressure carried out due to conventional assessment. The study's results can be used to monitor students' performance regularly, providing a unique opportunity to assess the effectiveness of teachers' instructions. Further research studies may be explored with a more extended intervention period on gamification-based formative assessment of higher-order thinking skills and motivation using a mixed-method research design.

The higher-order thinking ability of students in Indonesia is still in the low category. This research aims to see the effect of the application of a problem-based learning model on higher-order mathematical thinking skills in terms of student's initial abilities and mathematical beliefs. This research uses a quasi-experimental design with a Non-Equivalent Control Group Design. Data on students' higher-order mathematical thinking skills were taken using a test instrument. This research was conducted at SMP Negeri 27 Jakarta with a total of 165 students obtained from cluster random sampling. Based on the analysis of the three-way ANOVA test, it was found that the problem-based learning model had a positive effect on students' higher-order thinking skills. Problem-based learning model gives better results than conventional learning models. This also applies to students with the initial ability and mathematical beliefs in the high category. Problem-based learning can be an alternative for teachers to improve students' higher-order mathematical thinking skills.

The lack of training in higher-order cognitive thinking skills in physics makes most students of class XI MIPA in a high school in Marabahan unable to solve problems that require the ability to analyze (C4) and evaluate (C5) well. This study was intended to describe the effectiveness of using the web-integrated CinQASE learning model to train higher-order thinking skills in the C4 and C5 domains. This study used the pre-experimental one-group pretest-posttest design. The efficacy of the web-integrated CinQASE learning model to train higher-order thinking skills is calculated with the eta-squared effect size for a paired sample t-test. In contrast, the description of students' achievement in higher-order thinking is viewed from the percentage of the average score of the student learning outcomes test on items that have C4 and C5 domains. The results showed that using the model had moderate effectiveness (η2 = 0.94) and helped train students’ ability to think at a higher level, as shown by an increase in students’ achievement in higher-level thinking in the good category. Thereby, the use of the web-integrated CinQASE learning model can supply considerable benefits in training students’ higher-order thinking skills. These results also write down a practical need for teachers and schools to implement learning approaches that use the potential of technology to enhance learners’ higher-order thinking skills in the 21st century.

Learning skills include the ability to learn or acquire basic knowledge and concepts across multiple dimensions, such as problem-solving, critical thinking, creative thinking, and decision-making.This work presents an assessment approach intended for evaluating and assessing students’ higher-order thinking (HOT) skills. The assessment of higher-order thinking skills includes four subthinking skills, i.e., problem-solving, critical thinking, creative thinking, and decision-making. The proposed assessment of learning skills involves proposing questions (e.g., focus questions) to support student thinking and learning activities to guide the development of thinking skills while completing assignments, solving problems, or engaging in learning activities. The proposed skills assessment method consists of a quantitative approach that comprises two levels of assessment. For the first level of evaluation, graded assignments will be used to assess learning outcomes. In the other evaluative level, learning skills are assessed independently through scoring based upon how students respond to classwork and homework assignments using the skills' supporting questions. Learning skills are evaluated as to the extent to which students comply with the given proposed questions for focusing thinking and the extent to which these questions assist students in the completion of assignments. A skills assessment approach can be used to evaluate skills without interfering with the typical learning activities of a given assignment. It also does not interfere with the assessment process and learning outcomes.

This study aimed to overview learning strategies to create learning innovation that can improve students' high-order thinking and communication skills in science learning. This research was classified as a systematic review. The data used in this study was secondary. This study's 15 secondary data sources consist of books, proceedings, and scientific articles in reputable journals. The data analysis using Miles & Huberman analysis technique. Data analysis includes data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion. The result of this study is that problem-based learning and inquiry-based instruction is learning strategies that can improve students' high-order thinking skills. The learning strategy that can improve students' communication skills is problem-based learning. High-order thinking skills and communication skills can influence each other. It was hoped that with this research, innovative learning centered on learning models and learning media could be developed so that students have high-order thinking and communication skills with good categories in future education.

Assessment of Higher-order Thinking Skills in Conversation Situation

K-12 students' higher-order thinking skills: Conceptualization, components, and evaluation indicators

The research aims to find out the influence of using interactive learning media on students’ higher order thinking skills. This research use a type of quasi experimental with a time series design form. Research objects were students from class XII IPA SMA Yapis Manokwari and numbered 19 people. Data analysis requirements show that the data are normally distributed but not homogeneous so the research data is tested using the wilcoxon test. The decision making results were based on Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed) in the amount of 0,014 < α = 0,05 so that the hypothesis of H0 was rejected or Ha was accepted. This means that there is the influence of the used of interactive learning media on students’ higher order thinking skills. The result of the N-gain test calculation show that there is an effect of increasing higher order thinking skills which are at intervals g < 0,3, which is equal to 0,2 that include in low category. The acquisition of an effect size value in the amount of 0,06 which is in the interval d < 0,2 indicates that the effectiveness of interactive learning media in improving higher order thinking skills is in a small category. Students’ higher order thinking skills can be seen from the average score in completing higher order thinking cognitive tests, which amounted to 32,64 (posttest 1) in the low category, 37,58 (posttest 2) in the low category and 38,97 (posttest 3) in the low category. This value means that the use of interactive learning media has a low influence on improving students’ higher order thinking skills. This is also supported by the results of the perception questionnaire analysis which shown the P2b statement is difficult to approve with the highest logit value of +2. This means that students assume that interactive learning media is difficult to use and less flexible.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the effectiveness of investigation group learning model based on Marzano’s instructional framework in improving students’ higher order thinking skills. The method used in this study was a quasi-experimental method with the matching only control group pretest-posttest design. Here, the data were collected through observations, questionnaires, and tests. The tests consisting of limited and extensive tests aim to analyze the effectiveness of the investigation group learning model based on Marzano’s instructional framework in improving students’ higher order thinking skills. The results of the study showed that the majority of students (>75%) have an increased level of higher order thinking skills (critical and creative thinking skills). It was proved by the results of statistical analysis where the sig. value < 0.05 and t(table) > t(count) .Thus, H0 is rejected meaning that there is a significant difference on students’ higher order thinking skills before and after applying the investigation group learning model based on Marzano’s instructional framework in the teaching and learning process. Then, if it is classified, the improvement of students’ critical and creative thinking skills is included into the medium category. Hence, it can be concluded that the investigation group learning model based on Marzano’s instructional framework is effective in improving students’ higher order thinking skills in social studies learning.
 Keywords: investigation group; Marzano’s learning dimensions; higher order thinking skills; critical thinking skills; creative thinking skills

The study investigated the effectiveness of employing a proposed strategy for teaching geography using artificial intelligence applications in developing higher-order thinking skills and achievement among secondary school. The quasi-experimental method was used in this study. An observation card for higher-order thinking skills and an achievement test in the geography subject were used. The sample consisted of (60 female students) selected from the second year of secondary school students. The study showed significant differences at (0.05) between the mean scores of the students in the control and experimental groups on the achievement test in favor of the experimental group in the posttest. Also, differences were shown between the assessment means of the students in the control and experimental groups on the higher-order thinking skills assessment card in favor of the experimental group. The effect size came high. The study recommends the need to emphasize the expansion of the use of artificial intelligence applications in teaching geography.

This study aim to produce a valid and practical assessment instrument for higher order thinking skills on environmental pollution material at the C4-C6 cognitive level. The background of this research is that the questions made by the teacher are still at the C1-C3 level and there are still obstacles for teachers in developing higher order thinking skills assessment instruments, while in the 2013 curriculum teachers are required to be able to provide questions in the C4-C6 domain. This type of research is research development (Research and Development) which is a research method used to produce certain products. This type of research uses 3 stages of the 4-D model, namely the define, design and develop stages.Based on the research conducted, a very valid assessment instrument of 3,32 was produced by the validator, the empirical validity there were 30 valid questions and 10 invalid questions, the reliability in this study was 0,77 with the category of reliability, 94,79% teacher practicality and practicality. students amounted to 80,80%, the difficulty level of the questions was between 0,31 to 0,70 with moderate criteria and the question difference had sufficient criteria. This research can be used as a reference for other researchers related to the development of higher order thinking skills assessment instruments.

Interactive Instructional: Theoretical Perspective and Its Potential Support in Stimulating Students’ Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS)

The research paper entitled “Educational Comics Strip as Visual Medium for enhancing Learners’ Higher Order Thinking Skills in Economics” was conducted to identify the learners’ higher order thinking skills in terms of inference, analyzing, evaluating, and predicting using educational comic strips in Economics. Using a quasi-experimental method, it involved 34 purposively selected Grade 9 students of Bondoc Peninsula Agricultural High School during the school year 2021-2022. Data gathering was done online; the respondents through Google Forms accomplished a digitized version of the questionnaire. The students were given a self-made pre-test, and then engaged in a comic strip; afterward, a post-test was administered, followed by a survey questionnaire on their perception of the comic strip. Pearson product-moment correlation, t-Test, Mean and Standard Deviation were used to analyze and interpret the data. The result revealed that the students were in a very great extent-using comic strip in terms of multimodal communication, narrative experiences, text and images, and contextual clues. There is an improvement in the students’ Higher Order Thinking Skills. The pre-test resulted in less frequency of satisfactory to very satisfactory on inferring and analyzing and did not meet expectations on evaluating and predicting. While the post-test resulted in a greater frequency of very satisfactory to outstanding, compared to the pre-test, on inferring, analyzing, and predicting. This result implies that different type of questions on pretest and posttest with the same competencies affects the respondents’ post-test scores, especially in terms of analyzing and evaluating. Based on the findings, the following conclusions were derived. There is a significant difference in the students’ pre-test and post-test mean scores on Higher Order Thinking Skills assessment. Moreover, there is a significant relationship between the student’s perception of the use of comic strips in terms of multimodal communication, narrative experiences, text and images, and contextual clues, and their Higher Order Thinking Skills to analyze, evaluate and predict. Also, there is a significant relationship between their higher-order thinking skill inferring and multimodal communication, text, images, and contextual clues. Keywords: comic strip, Higher Order Thinking Skills, inferring, analyzing, evaluating, predicting

The problem and the aim of the study. Higher-order thinking skills is a very popular concept in education field around the world. Among the broad range of higher-order thinking skills, recent studies are concentrating on fostering higher-order thinking skills in education. The number of related publications demands a bibliometric study for finding the keywords, sources, countries, and research clusters. And the study carried out a bibliometric analysis of the relevant publications on higher-order thinking skills from Scopus database between 2011 and 2020. Research methods. A visual system of top keywords in higher-order thinking skills research has been produced by analyzing of keywords co-occurrence. And by using bibliography inquiry, the most common topic of blended learning has been found. This study also investigates the recent publication trend of higher-order thinking skills in blended learning. Results. The annual number of publications demonstrates an uptrend in the area of higher-order thinking skills, and the publication rates have increased distinctively in 2018 and 2019. Indonesia and the United States have already become the two major research centers while Malaysia and Australia are joining the research circle in the near future. Related publications had been related to the field of education and metacognition from the very beginning in 2016, and then to the field of higher education, critical thinking and assessment, followed by active thinking and learning in 2017, and eventually to blended learning and flipped classroom in 2018. The systematic structure shows that the United States and Korea have more papers from joint efforts than other countries. In particular, Korea became the most collaborative country. The Journal of Physics: Conference series has signified an increasing occurrence in publications on Higherorder thinking skills in blended learning with “student” acting as the most influential word. Fostering higher-order thinking skills cultivation in flipped classroom and scaffolding higher-order thinking skills activities in learning approaches are both crucial areas involved. In conclusion, the quantitative analysis on higher-order thinking skills through bibliometric study has revealed the recent subfield of blende learning. Thus, the dataset is further refined by blended learning, considering publication year, sources, countries and organizations, keywords and topics. The annual output of publications on higher-order thinking in blended learning have risen in the past ten years, showing it is more likely to keep developing in the near future.

Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) refer to students' ability to solve problems by analyzing, evaluating, and creating. HOTS are essential for 21st century learning. Solving combinatorics problem troubleshooting requires HOTS. The aim of this research is to examine of senior high school students’ higher order thinking skills in solving combinatorics problems. This descriptive research describes the analysis of senior high school students’ higher order thinking skills in solving combinatorics problems. Class XII IPA 6 SMA Negeri 1 Trenggalek has a total of 21 students. Data was collected through a written test containing combinatorics problems and interviews. The results of the study show the senior high school students’ higher-order thinking skills in solving combinatorics problems: 38% of the students have "excellent" performance; 14% are rated as good; 10% are classified as enough; 38% are classified as low; no one is very poor. The most common indicator of higher-order thinking skills was analyzing (58%), followed by evaluating (55%). The creating rate is the lowest at 47%. This study can develop students' higher order thinking skills and evaluation for teachers in implementing higher order thinking skills in school.