László Székely, the 18th-century Hungarian translator of De remediis utriusque fortunae

In 1526, the Swedish translation of the entire New Testament was printed. In the same year, the manuscript Cod. Holm. A 1 was produced at the monastery of Vadstena, containing a complete translation of the Book of Revelation. In the present article, the question of the source texts to these two Swedish versions of the Book of Revelation is investigated from two main perspectives: 1) A renewed examination of the source texts to the Book of Revelation in NT 1526. 2) An investigation of the relation between the two Swedish versions of the Book of Revelation regarding the source texts. A distinct difference is identified between the translator of the Book of Relevation in NT 1526 on the one hand and Luther on the other. When the Greek and the Latin texts in Erasmus’ edition differ, Luther follows the Greek text, whereas the Swedish translator follows the Latin text. The expected source text to the version in Cod. Holm. A 1 is the Vulgate. A complete collation has been made of Erasmus’ Latin text and the Vulgate in the Book of Revelation, in order to identify the passages that differ between them. Then these deviating passages were compared to the two Swedish versions. It turned out that they represent two completely separate text traditions. Where the two source texts differ, the version in NT 1526 follows Erasmus, whereas the version in Cod. Holm. A 1 follows the Vulgate. Thus, no contamination regarding the source texts in the direction of Erasmus vs the Vulgate was present in the Swedish texts.

The article examines W.Shakespeare’s use of biblical allusions in the tragedy “King Lear” and peculiarities of their reproduction in the Ukrainian translation by P. Kulish. Such concepts as “allusion”, “bibleism” and “bibleme” are considered herein, as well as the specifi c features of their reproduction. It was established that the adequate reproduction of the biblical allusions of the source text was facilitated by translator’s thorough knowledge of the Holy Scriptures, as far as P. Kulish translated into Ukrainian “Pentateuch”, “Job”, Psalter, Gospel (co-authored with I. Puliui) and carried out the fi rst complete Ukrainian translation of the Bible (in co-authorship with I. Puliui and I. Nechui-Levytskyi). It was found that in some places properly reproduced biblemes were replaced during the editing process, which led to the loss of intertextuality. It has been clarifi ed that the source text contains the following implicit biblemes: the story of Job, intertexts of the Fall and fratricide, images of the Apocalypse and the suff erings of Jesus. It is established that the use of biblical allusions creates in the text the biblical archetypes of Christ, Job, the Devil, Cain and Abel, which is properly refl ected in the translation. It has been revealed that the translator’s ability to recognize a biblical allusion in the source text depends on the appropriate cognitive base that the translator has, as well as on the recipient’s linguistic and cultural competence which will enable proper interpretation. The possibility to recognize the proposed equivalent in the translated text, if we are talking about an allusion to a certain literary work, depends on the presence in the host culture of a translation of the text referred to by the original author and the reader’s level of familiarity with the denotations of the allusion. The conclusion has been drawn that when trying to fi nd an appropriate equivalent, it is important for the translator not to deprive the reader of the pleasure of decoding hidden meanings, that is, not to resort to overinterpretation in the explanation of the allusion. Key words: Shakespeare, “King Lear”, translation, intertextuality, biblical allusion, bibleme.

In this paper the pronominal anaphora generation module of a complete interlingua Machine Translation (MT) approach is presented. The approach named AGIR (Anaphora Generation with an Interlingua Representation) allows the generation of anaphoric expressions into the target language from the interlingua representation of the source text. AGIR uses different kinds of knowledge (lexical, syntactic, morphological and semantic information) to solve the Natural Language Processing (NLP) problems of the source text. The paper presents the evaluation of the generation of English and Spanish (including zero pronouns) third person personal pronouns into the target language. The following results have been obtained: a precision of 80.39% and 84.77% in the generation of Spanish and English pronominal anaphora respectively.

THE MATHEMATICS OF EGYPT, MESOPOTAMIA, CHINA, INDIA, AND ISLAM: A SOURCEBOOK Edited by Victor J. Katz Princeton University Press, 2007, 685 pp. ISBN-13: 978-0-691-11485-9 The Mathematics of Egypt, Mesopotamia, China, India, and Islam: A Sourcebook should be an essential addition to the college library and personal library of anyone teaching or studying the history of mathematics. This extensive book consists of five chapters, each written by a leading scholar in the field. The chapters include short histories of the development of mathematics in each of the five areas covered as well as numerous source texts in translation. Each chapter provides an extensive list of source texts and an essential reference list. Egypt The first chapter, written by Annette Imhausen of Mainz University, covers Egyptian mathematics. Imhausen begins with a discussion of Egyptian writing systems and the nature of the extant Egyptian mathematical texts. She then provides complete translations and commentaries of several texts, including problem texts from the Rhind Mathematical Papyrus (problems 6, 23, 26, 27, 41, 48, 50, 52, 56, 58, 65, 69, and 76), the Moscow Mathematical Papyrus (problems 10, 14, 15), and the Lahun Mathematical Fragment (UC 32160). Also presented are table texts from the Lahun Mathematical Fragments (UC 32159), the Rhind 2/N table, and the Mathematical Leather Role. Imhausen also includes translations of several administrative texts (the Reisner papyri and the Ostraca from Deir el Medina) as well as problem and table texts from the Graeco-Roman period that are not usually included in comprehensive history of mathematics texts. Mesopotamia The second chapter, written by Eleanor Robson of Cambridge University, examines Mesopotamian mathematics. This chapter is an exciting treasure trove of cuneiform mathematical texts, including over sixty translations that have not been published elsewhere. Robson begins with a discussion of the source texts, including the authors and contexts of the texts, and how the texts presented were chosen and translated. The translated texts are presented by time period. In the section on texts dated between 3200 and 2000 BCE, Robson presents translations of me oldest known piece of recorded mathematics (W 19408,76), the earliest known mathematical diagram containing textual data (IM 58045), and eight other ancient mathematical texts. Next, from the Old Babylonian Period (200-1600 BCE), complete translations of eight arithmetical and metrological tables are presented, including 22 mathematical problem texts containing hundreds of problems in geometry, geometrical algebra, quantity surveying, and arithmetic progressions. Rough work (diagrams and calculations by students) and reference lists (used by Babylonian teachers to construct problems) from the Old Babylonian period complete this subsection. The chapter concludes with ten texts from the later Mesopotamian time period 1400-150 BCE. China The third chapter, by Joseph Dauben of Herbert Lehman College CUNY, focuses on the mathematics of China. This chapter is divided into nine sections. Two preliminary sections set the context for Chinese mathematics and outline the methods and procedures of counting rods as well as the out-in principle used in geometric proof. A translation of the earliest known Chinese mathematical text written on 200 bamboo strips is then presented. The discussion follows with sections on the Gou-go (Pythagorean Theorem), the famous Jiu Thang suan shu (Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art) as given and commented upon by Liu Hui, and me Sea Island Mathematical Classic. These are probably the most famous ancient Chinese mathematical texts, and it is wonderful to see them collected in one place. Yet, there are more treasures to be found here. Dauben next discusses the Ten Classics compiled during the Tang dynasty and presents extensive extracts from several of these. The seventh section of this chapter outlines the mathematical achievements of the Song and Yuan dynasties (960-1368 CE) including the work of Qin Jiushao, Li Zhi, Yang Hui, and Zhu Shije. …

Henry Bate of Mechelen (1246–after 1310) was the first to bring the astrological work of the twelfth-century Jewish polymath Abraham Ibn Ezra (ca. 1089–ca. 1161) to the knowledge of Latin readers. Ibn Ezra created the first comprehensive set of Hebrew astrological textbooks that addressed the main systems of Arabic astrology and provided Hebrew readers with access to the subject. The present study, divided into three parts, studies Henry Bate as translator of Ibn Ezra's astrological writings. The first part focuses on Bate's complete translations, authenticates Bate's authorship, determines their title and the time and place of composition, and consolidates information about their source texts. The second part reviews Bate's numerous references to Ibn Ezra and translations of individual passages from his astrological works. The third part examines the most salient features of Henry Bate's modus operandi as translator of Ibn Ezra. This begins with his use of double or triple translations for a single word or locution, a feature that readers of his translations recognize as his hallmark. This is followed by an investigation of Bate's familiarity with Hebrew and how he applied this knowledge in his translations. Finally, it looks at the additions and glosses Bate incorporated into the translations and considers his motives for doing so. The conclusion summarizes the findings and asks how Bate prepared these translations.

The five volumes of a complete manuscript translation of Lucian held by the National Library of Scotland, Edinburgh (shelfmark Acc. 7834) have received no previous scholarly attention. The translator, describing himself as an English merchant resident at Naples, explains in his Preface dated 1779 that, although undertaken for amusement, his work might have been published but for an ‘elegant’ English translation currently being prepared by a London press: no doubt Thomas Francklin’s version of 1780. This was unlucky, since Francklin’s ponderous Lucian was the first to appear in anything like complete form since 1711. This contribution introduces a sample consisting of the Lucianic dialogue usually now titled in English ‘Menippus or The Descent into Hades’.

The Challenges of Retranslating <i>The Great Gatsby</i> into Hungarian With a Focus on Metaphors of Emotion and Embodiment

Translating Race on the French Stage

In the 14th–18th centuries Petrarch’s most widely disseminated work was De remediis utriusque fortunae. Petrarch’s Latin works had been known in Hungary since the 15th century and in the 18th century a real cult of De remediis can be traced, proved by the correspondence of contemporary aristocrats, scholars and politicians (e. g. István Brodarics, Farkas Kovacsóczy). His sonnets and the lines of Triumfi were often read, quoted, translated (e. g. by Bálint Balassi, Miklós Zrínyi); the Griselda, Boccaccio’s novel, known mainly in Petrarch’s Latin translation, also got translated into Hungarian (by Pál Istvánfi). His letters written in verse, as well as the Sine nomine collection, the Secretum and the De vita solitaria were certainly being read in Hungary. During the 17th–18th centuries Hungarian readers could get acquainted at first-hand with the name and works of the Italian humanist through the foreign printed editions of Petrarch’s writings. Writers, scholars, ecclesiastical leaders and others read and used these texts for both private and public purposes. In the 18th century De remediis was reedited eight times and its only complete translation so far was prepared between 1760 and 1762. The reception of De remediis is thus a highly important chapter in Hungarian spiritual history.

This article examines the first complete Hebrew translation of the New Testament, produced by Erasmus Oswaldus Schreckenfuchs in 1563, a work that has yet to receive significant scholarly attention. It explores Schreckenfuchs’s career, his expertise in Hebrew, and his publications in Hebrew studies, situating him within the broader intellectual landscape of sixteenth-century Christian Hebraism. The study contextualizes this translation within the history of Hebrew versions of Christian texts, analyzing Schreckenfuchs’s linguistic choices, textual sources, and possible motivations. It concludes that, unlike earlier partial translations, which were often produced for polemical or missionary purposes, Schreckenfuchs’s work appears to have been driven by scholarly interest and engagement with Hebrew philology. The article further examines the manuscript’s linguistic characteristics and its implications for early modern Christian-Jewish intellectual exchange. Ultimately, it argues that this translation represents a significant milestone in Christian Hebraism and the study of Hebrew during the Reformation.

Translating the Holy Quran is a challenging task. However, it is a necessity due to the large number of Muslims who do not speak Arabic. To date, various translations are available for nonnative speakers of Arabic. These translations, however, have revealed complete and partial translation losses. One type of such losses is grammatical loss, which sometimes occurs due to differences between the source text (ST) and the target text (TT). This study aimed at investigating the grammatical losses in the translation of the Holy Quran, with special reference to Surah Al A’araf, and the extent these losses cause partial or complete semantic loss. Qualitative descriptive approach was adopted to analyze the data extracted from Abdel Haleem’s English translation of Surah Al A’araf. The study revealed losses occurring in translating grammatical aspects such as conjunctions, syntactic order, duality, tense, and verbs. It was also found that grammatical losses contributed to semantic losses, which are mostly partial semantic losses of the connotative or the expressive meanings. However, some of the identified grammatical losses were found to cause complete semantic losses. This study suggests that appropriate translation strategies be adopted to reduce loss in the translation.

The present paper examines the ways of achieving adequacy in translation. The aim of the study is to define and describe the options that the different translators choose while rendering the message of the same source text (ST) and to establish the translation adequacy conditions. The translators’ options are considered in terms of the techniques employed to achieve equivalence between the textual micro units of the original and those of the target text (TT). It is argued that the choice of the translation techniques is determined by the global translation strategy which is seen as a translator’s action plan to reach the functional identification between the ST and TT. In the course of translating the corresponding techniques are used by the translators to fit the local strategies which necessitate the specific ways of dealing with translation challenges. In order to identify formal, semantic and communicative features of the translators’ options we set out the specific task of exploring the notions of translation strategy, translation method, translation technique and translation equivalence and define their significance in achieving accuracy and/or transparency of translation and, eventually, the adequacy of translation. The study is based on the descriptive and comparative analyses of four translation cases (TTs). The examination of the English-Ukrainian correlative units intends to indicate the types of equivalents and point out their contribution to the translation adequacy. One of the important findings to emerge from the study is that translation adequacy may be measured against the TT acceptability which is considered on four levels and involves correlations between structural, semantic and pragmatic equivalents. The TT that reaches the first level of acceptability is viewed as the case of low translation adequacy; the TT on the second level of acceptability is seen as the case of near adequate translation; the TT on the third level of acceptability is termed as sufficiently adequate translation; the TT on the forth level of acceptability is defined as the case of complete adequate translation.

&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;This thesis is divided into two elements, a creative component (75%) and a theoretical/reflective component (25%).&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;The creative component is an exercise in literary translation as a creative writing process, which consists of my complete English translation of Leonardo Guzzo’s collection of short stories Le radici del mare (2015).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;The theoretical/reflective component includes a commentary and analysis of the translation process in the form of a translator’s diary, where the pros and cons of an extensive collaboration with the author are explored. Through this analysis I wanted to shed further light on the translation process, what it actually entails and how one can deal with and overcome the various problems that arise.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;There is a tendency to focus heavily on the theories of literary and applied translation in academic literature and with this thesis I wish to highlight 1) how important the balance between theory and practice ought to be; and 2) ways in which practice can refine theory (as well as vice versa).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;A relentlessly intense practice of literary translation over the course of this thesis has enabled and empowered me to develop my style and voice as a literary translator but also to garner a deeper knowledge of theoretical frameworks both directly and indirectly relevant to my case study.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;My approach to and choices of translation, in general we well as specific terms, have been sharpened by 1) viewing the process of translation as a creative and collaborative experience; 2) developing a heightened awareness of different types of equivalence; 3) the ad hoc combination of foreignizing and domesticating strategies; and 4) the reflections of fellow literary translators, established and emerging, as well as authors who have translated or have been translated by other authors.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;These intertwined experiences have been enhanced by an equally intense dialogue with the author at the centre of my research. There are various advantages with working closely with the writer, notably the assurance the translator can gain knowing that he/she is translating what best reflects the intentions and ideas reflected in the source text and, most importantly, the benefits of building a profound working relationship with the author.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;What has proven to be a fruitful and rewarding exchange does not mean that collaboration removes limits and drawbacks — quite the opposite, as it can be a lengthy and tiring process, particularly when trying to find a compromise that best suits the needs and expectations surrounding the target language while also accommodating what the author wants.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;When translating Guzzo’s Le radici del mare, not only did I want to achieve an ‘end product’ that would work as a convincing case study for the purpose of this thesis, I also wanted these short stories to be able to be read and enjoyed as a literary work in English by an English speaking audience.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;In order to be successful in this endeavour, I have selected, reviewed, embraced and tested theoretical frameworks and practical techniques that would enable me to achieve an inclusive and effective balance: a balance that first and foremost would let the words on the page —Giorgioni’s as much as Guzzo’s — shine.&lt;/p&gt;

“like a hamer crushing a rock”: the afrikaans bible of 1933 as a work of translation The first complete Bible translation in Afrikaans was published in 1933. This article describes and analyses this translation. Given the new developments in translation studies, one should not evaluate a translation normatively, but rather describe it. Any new translation constructs a domesticated representation of a foreign text and culture, which simultaneously keeps intelligibility and ideology in mind. The representation refers to the linguistically inscribed preferences regarding the selection and construction of discourses in the Bible translation. The 1933 translation is analysed and explained in terms of the formation of particular cultural, political and religious identities. Some of the fixed perceptions of the 1933 translation are revisited by dealing with issues like the context of the translation, its source text, the translation team, the translation process and the sociocultural impact of the translation.

This paper examines cognate noun constructions (CNCs) (e.g. smile a disarming smile) in Early Modern English, particularly in the first complete English translation of the Bible from the original Greek and Hebrew by William Tyndale. Tyndale’s translation is produced during a period of significant expansion of CNCs in English. It is argued that CNCs in Tyndale are a marker of a particular English biblical register which involves archaic (early) English properties (cognate nouns in PPs) rather than a new tendency for cognate direct objects or the result of a translation effect alone. In other words, it is shown that Tyndale’s translation follows archaic/early English rules, thus deviating both from the new tendency for cognate direct objects and from the source text. This archaic characteristic of CNCs with cognate nouns in PPs instantiates a general tendency in Tyndale’s translation to use archaisms – as evidenced, for instance, in his dispreference of auxiliaries.