Low-molecular-mass colored compounds for fine tracing of pH gradient on broad and narrow scale in isoelectric focusing

Abstract

We present a set of novel low-molecular-mass (LMM) compounds possessing ampholytic properties. The compounds were designed to perform as markers of isoelectric point (pI) in different isoelectric focusing (IEF) formats and feature direct detectability in UV and visible wavelength regions. Capillary isoelectric focusing (cIEF) was used to determine the purity of the focusing species and the compounds’ pI values. Nitrophenol-based pI markers (NPIMs) published previously were used as standards for the pI value calibration. The presented compounds focused very well, but small portion of them contained focusing impurities, thus, we recommend them for use in other IEF formats like gel IEF and preparative IEF. Moreover, multi-wavelength detection enabled determination of individual markers based on their specific spectral profiles and different absorption at selected detection wavelengths in the electropherogram. The presented compounds compose a group of chemicals featuring excellent shelf stability and isoelectric focusing properties, inexpensive synthesis, universal/multimode detectability, and good solubility at pI. The presented results provide a solid ground for their use as reference standards in various isoelectric focusing methods.