Low pitch and high status: the effects of acoustic pitch on evaluations of status-signaling products

This research deals with the way of male and female participants of different social status in delivering argumentation on instagram. The purpose of this study was to explain the way male and female instagram participants in arguing on instagram, to describe how social status affects the languages of male and female instagram participants of different social status communicating in instagram and to explain the reason of male and female instagram participants use the language in the way they are. This research is conducted by applying qualitative descriptive research. The data in this study are nine arguments from male instagram participants who have higher status, lower and equal with female and nine arguments from female instagram participants who have higher status, lower and equal with male which has been selected in about two months. The findings indicate that male instagram participants tend to use conjunction, conditional and biconditional to convey their arguments in instagram, whereas female instagram participants tend to use the five types of argumentation ie negation, conjunction, dicjunction, conditional and biconditional in instagram. Male with higher social status argue in conditional with female and male of equal status, male of equal status argue conjunction with female and male of equal status, lower status male argue conjunction with male and female whose status is higher. Female with higher social status argue negation, disjunction and biconditional with female and male of lower status, female of equal status argue negation and conditional with equal status of female and male, male with status lower use conjunction and conditional with male and female whose status is higher. The reason why male and female instagram participants differ in their arguing is that instagram participants with high social status tend to be affected by their social status, they tend to use the argument to show that they are competitive and wise in arguing. While instagram participants who are of equal social status, tend to show solidarity and maintain communication. Participants with lower social status tend to be selfish by giving arguments that seem undeniable or responsive. Keywords: gender language, instagram participants, social status

Human voice pitch is highly sexually dimorphic and eminently quantifiable, making it an ideal phenotype for studying the influence of sexual selection. In both traditional and industrial populations, lower pitch in men predicts mating success, reproductive success, and social status and shapes social perceptions, especially those related to physical formidability. Due to practical and ethical constraints however, scant evidence tests the central question of whether male voice pitch and other acoustic measures indicate actual fighting ability in humans. To address this, we examined pitch, pitch variability, and formant position of 475 mixed martial arts (MMA) fighters from an elite fighting league, with each fighter’s acoustic measures assessed from multiple voice recordings extracted from audio or video interviews available online (YouTube, Google Video, podcasts), totaling 1312 voice recording samples. In four regression models each predicting a separate measure of fighting ability (win percentages, number of fights, Elo ratings, and retirement status), no acoustic measure significantly predicted fighting ability above and beyond covariates. However, after fight statistics, fight history, height, weight, and age were used to extract underlying dimensions of fighting ability via factor analysis, pitch and formant position negatively predicted “Fighting Experience” and “Size” factor scores in a multivariate regression model, explaining 3–8% of the variance. Our findings suggest that lower male pitch and formants may be valid cues of some components of fighting ability in men.

Stereotypes regarding social status lead to the categorization of individuals as belonging to high or low social-status groups, based on little information, such as looks or possession of certain traits. The present study examined the relative effect of looks and musical preference on the inference of other traits relating to high and low social status. Seventy participants were asked to rate photos of eight individuals (four males and four females). Compatible and incompatible pairing of high- and low-status looks and liking for high- and low-status music were created. Findings show that more positive traits were attributed to females, high-status looking individuals and individuals with a preference for high-status music. An interaction between looks and music status was found in which liking for low-status music lowered evaluations in high-status looking individuals, but liking for high-status music did not affect evaluations of low-status looking individuals. Participants' own musical preference did not consistently affect ratings of photographed individuals.

Simple SummaryContinuous monitoring of the herd status is important but routine assessments on farm can be challenging. In this study, a remote herd assessment tool was developed to help producers and advisors detect herd management issues related to herd welfare and health. This tool was based on pre-recorded indicators from routinely collected on-farm records. Indicators were aggregated to a composite index to benchmark the overall herd status, with a large composite index indicating an overall high herd status and a small composite index indicating an overall low herd status. Robustness of the composite index was evaluated and indicated little fluctuation for herds with a low or high status. These results suggest that herds in need of support could be prioritized and effectively monitored over time, limiting the need for time-consuming farm visits. The benchmarking tool allows evaluating herds relative to their peers, highlights areas with opportunities to improve, may be further suitable for certification systems, and may be applied to studies to benchmark multidimensional aspects of livestock farming such as environmental and socio-economic studies.Continuous assessment of the herd status is important in order to monitor and adjust to changes in the welfare and health status but can be time consuming and expensive. In this study, herd status indicators from routinely collected dairy herd improvement (DHI) records were used to develop a remote herd assessment tool with the aim to help producers and advisors benchmark the herd status and identify herd management issues affecting welfare and health. Thirteen DHI indicators were selected from an initial set of 72 potential indicators collected on 4324 dairy herds in Eastern Canada. Data were normalized to percentile ranks and aggregated to a composite herd status index (HSI) with equal weights among indicators. Robustness analyses indicated little fluctuation for herds with a small HSI (low status) or large HSI (high status), suggesting that herds in need of support could be prioritized and effectively monitored over time, limiting the need for time-consuming farm visits. This tool allows evaluating herds relative to their peers through the composite index and highlighting specific areas with opportunities for improvements through the individual indicators. This procedure could be applied to similar multidimensional livestock farming issues, such as environmental and socio-economic studies.

Social hierarchy exists in almost all social species and affects everything from resource allocation to the development of intelligence. Previous studies showed that status within a social hierarchy influences the perceived fairness of income allocation. However, the effect of one’s social status on economic decisions is far from clear, as are the neural processes underlying these decisions. In this study, we dynamically manipulated participants’ social status and analyzed their behavior as recipients in the ultimatum game (UG), during which event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded. Behavioral results showed that acceptance rates for offers increased with the fairness level of offers. Importantly, participants were less likely to accept unfair offers when they were endowed with high status than with low status. In addition, cues indicating low status elicited a more positive P2 than cues indicating high status in an earlier time window (170–240 ms), and cues indicating high status elicited a more negative N400 than cues indicating low status in a later time window (350–520 ms). During the actual reception of offers, the late positivity potential (LPP, 400–700 ms) for unfair offers was more positive in the high status condition than in the low status condition, suggesting a decreased arousal for unfair offers during low status. These findings suggest a strong role of social status in modulating individual behavioral and neural responses to fairness.

SummarySociality has been linked to a longer lifespan in many mammals, including humans. Yet, how sociality results in survival benefits remains unclear. Using 10 years of data and over 1,000 recorded injuries in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta), we tested two injury-related mechanisms by which social status and affiliative partners might influence survival. Injuries increased individual risk of death by 3-fold in this dataset. We found that sociality can affect individuals’ survival by reducing their risk of injury but had no effect on the probability of injured individuals dying. Both males and females of high social status (measured as female matrilineal rank and male group tenure) and females with more affiliative partners (estimated using the number of female relatives) experienced fewer injuries and thus were less likely to die. Collectively, our results offer rare insights into one mechanism that can mediate the well-known benefits of sociality on an individual’s fitness.

Promises are crucial for maintaining trust in social hierarchies. It is well known that not all promises are kept; yet the effect of social status on responses to promises being kept or broken is far from understood, as are the neural processes underlying this effect. Here we manipulated participants’ social status before measuring their investment behavior as Investor in iterated Trust Game (TG). Participants decided how much to invest in their partners, who acted as Trustees in TG, after being informed that their partners of higher or lower social status either promised to return half of the multiplied sum (4 × invested amount), did not promise, or had no opportunity to promise. Event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded when the participants saw the Trustees’ decisions in which the partners always returned half of the time, regardless of the experimental conditions. Trustee decisions to return or not after promising to do so were defined as honesty and dishonesty, respectively. Behaviorally, participants invested more when Trustees promised than when Trustees had no opportunity to promise, and this effect was greater for higher status than lower status Trustees. Neurally, when viewing Trustees’ return decisions, participants’ medial frontal negativity (MFN) responses (250–310 ms post onset) were more negative when Trustees did not return than when they did return, suggesting that not returning was an expectancy violation. P300 responses were only sensitive to higher status return feedback, and were more positive-going for higher status partner returns than for lower status partner returns, suggesting that higher status returns may have been more rewarding/motivationally significant. Importantly, only participants in low subjective socioeconomic status (SES) evidenced an increased P300 effect for higher status than lower status honesty (honesty – dishonesty), suggesting that higher status honesty was especially rewarding/motivationally significant for participants with low SES. Taken together, our results suggest that in an earlier time window, MFN encodes return valence, regardless of honesty or social status, which are addressed in a later cognitive appraisal process (P300). Our findings suggest that social status influences honesty perception at both a behavioral and neural level, and that subjective SES may modulate this effect.

In real-world social interactions, social status influences responses to resource distribution. However, the way in which one’s own social status interacts with another’s status to influence responses to resource distribution is far from clear. In the current study, we dynamically manipulated participants’ social status and then asked participants to act as recipients in the ultimatum game (UG) along with proposers whose social status was made known to the participants. Experiment 1 used a between-participants design in which the participants were assigned as being of either high or low status according to their performance in a math competition (i.e., rank-inducing task). In Experiment 2, social status was manipulated within-subjects using the same rank-inducing task, with rounds of UG interleaved between rank-inducing sessions. Findings from the two experiments showed that both self-status and other-status influenced responses to UG offers, as participants were more likely to accept low offers from high status than low status proposers; this effect was particularly robust for low status participants when compared with high status participants. These findings suggest that, in comparison with individuals in high status, individuals in low status are more willing to accept low offers during resource distribution and are more affected by other-status considerations.

Decision letter: Seroconversion stages COVID19 into distinct pathophysiological states

Background Stress is widely associated with adverse health outcomes. Increasing levels of perceived stress have over the past decades been observed among adolescents, particularly among females. While low social status is associated with elevated stress levels, life-course trajectories of this association remain unclear. This study examines trajectories of perceived stress levels by sex and social status from adolescence into adulthood (ages 15-32). Methods A longitudinal cohort of individuals born in 1989 (N = 3681) was followed from age 15 to 32 (year 2004-2021) using survey data from five time points, supplemented with register data. Perceived stress levels were analysed across social status groups (low, middle, and high) using multiple measures of social status: parental educational level, labour market participation, household income, and subjective social status in society and in school. Stress trajectories were identified using Group-Based Trajectory Modelling, and relative odds ratios (ROR) of membership in trajectory groups by social status at age 15 were estimated using logistic regression models. Results Sex differences in perceived stress levels were observed at ages 15, 18, and 21, but diminished in adulthood due to decreasing perceived stress levels among females. Low social status at age 15 was consistently associated with higher perceived stress levels across all social status measures. Three trajectories of perceived stress levels were identified among males (low-stable, mid-stable, and increasing) and four trajectories among females (low-stable, mid-stable, increasing, and high mid-peak). Low social status was associated with higher ROR of being in all other trajectories than the low-stable trajectory, for both sexes, regardless of social status measure. Conclusions Individuals with low social status consistently reported higher levels of perceived stress than those with middle or high social status from age 15 to 32, with a similar pattern for both sexes. Key messages • Social status at age 15 strongly impacts perceived stress levels from adolescence into early adulthood. • Preventive measures should focus on individuals with low social status to reduce high-stress trajectories.

In a study of rnother.child social interaction 1 0 pairs of Head Start SS ( 4 and 5 yr. of age, half boys, half girls) and 1 0 pairs of middleand upper-class comparison Ss were observed in unstructured play situations. Both verbal and nonverbal behaviors were recorded during 40-min. sessions on each of two occasions. The units of analysis were 4sec. intervals, and 1260 such units were examined for each subject pair. The data were rated according to several dimensions of interpersonal behavior; the focus of this study was the dimension of relative stacur, a term which refers to the relative position one participant maintains with reference to the other. High-status racings were accorded to behaviors which exert control (ordering, resrra~nlng, giving, or taking away), demonstrate expertise or authority (teaching, praising, suggcst~ng), o r exhibit assertiveness (demanding, contradicting, snatching). Low-status ratlngs were given for yielding to or soliciting control, being deferential, or acknowledging the other's expertise or one's own lack of knowledge. There was no significant difference in the total number of highor low-status ratings given either mothers or children in the two social class samples (tested by means of the Mann-Whitney U test). W h e n the groups were combined, the rank-order correlation between a mother's high status and that of her child was 0.43 (P < .05); however, there was also a significant correlation (0.53, p < .01) between the amount of high status displayed by a mother and the amount of low status displayed by her child. There was no correlation between che amount of high status and low status displayed by the children ( p = 0.10). It seemed likely that these paradoxical findings were attributable to sex differences, and the correlations were recalculated for boys and girls separately. The rank-order correlation between mother's high status and child's high status was 0.93 for boys and 0.042 for girls; the correlation between high starus on the part of the mother and low status on the part of the child was 0.49 for boys and 0.56 for girls. These results demonstrate a strong differential relationship berween rhe amount of high-status control to which the child's environment exposes him and the role expectations and social reinforcement afforded by his sex. The correspondence between boys' highstatus expressions and those of their mothers was almost complete and was much stronger than the relationship between their low-status display and their mothers' high status. For girls there was a significant complementary relationship beween their low-status display and their mothers' high status, but there was virtually no correspondence berween their display of high status and that of rheir mothers.

Low Pitch and High Status: The Effects of Acoustic Pitch on the Evaluation of Status-Signaling Product

Social status, facial structure, and assertiveness in brown capuchin monkeys

Despite improvements in the positions of women at work Gender biases still exit in professions, some are assigned high and some low status. High status profession usually attracts high pay and status. The aim of this research was to study and identify gender biases in professions. The following hypotheses were formulated; 1- The professions that assigned high status are associated with men as compared to women. 2-The professions that are assigned low status are associated more with women as compared to men. 3-Men are more biased against women than men. 4-Women are more biased against men than men. A sample of 100 men and 100 women professionals and non-professional participants with ages 20-35 years were randomly selected from various institutions of Karachi. In addition to the demographic information collected from the participants, a gender bias Questionnaire was developed by the author to measure the perceived association of gender with different professions. To rate the professions as high or low status alist of 10 professions i.e., physician, lawyer, engineer, architect, psychotherapist, receptionist, secretary, sales person, teacher and librarian was used. This list was prepared from a pool of 35 professions after doing a pilot study to select high and low status professions. The status and gender associated with each profession is rated on a 7 point rating scale. The results showed a strong positive correlation between male gender and high status profession, which provides an evidence for biases, exists for women at work place. The t-test analyses further highlighted that women were biased more against women as compared to men. The study concludes that even though women are entering into various high status professions, the gender discrimination still exists.

The current study examined whether social status and social integration, two related but distinct indicators of an adolescent's standing within a peer network, mediate the association between risky symptoms (depressive symptoms and deviant behavior) and substance use across adolescence. The sample of 6,776 adolescents participated in up to seven waves of data collection spanning 6th to 12th grades. Scores indexing social status and integration were derived from a social network analysis of six schools and subsequent psychometric modeling. Results of latent growth models showed that social integration and status mediated the relation between risky symptoms and substance use and that risky symptoms mediated the relation between social standing and substance use during the high school transition. Before this transition, pathways involving deviant behavior led to high social integration and status and in turn to substance use. After this transition, both deviant behavior and depressive symptoms led to low social integration and status and in turn greater substance use. These findings suggest that the high school transition is a risky time for substance use related to the interplay of increases in depressive symptoms and deviant behavior on the one hand and decreases in social status and integration on the other.