Low Cost Gas Diffusion Layer Materials and Treatments for Durable High-Performance PEM Fuel Cells

Abstract

The gas diffusion layer (GDL) is a critical component of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC). It serves as the primary mediator in electrical and thermal conductivity as well as gas and water transport within the cell. Currently, the production of GDLs is dependent on the use of high-cost materials and manufacturing methods. The most common base material for GDLs is polyacrylonitrile (PAN). PAN, in addition to its high base cost ($15 - 20/kg), requires high graphitization temperatures (> 1700°C) in order attain sufficient conductivity and post-carbonization treatment with Teflon to increase the hydrophobicity for improved water transport. The high strength of PAN based GDLs has been required to prevent fiber intrusion into the channel of the flow field. Some state-of-the-art flow fields no longer utilize the land/channel design, and as such may not require the use of high strength materials like PAN in order to be functional. This presents the opportunity to create novel GDLs with equivalent or superior performance at lower cost. We are investigating methods to significantly reduce the cost of GDL production while maintaining durability and performance characteristics necessary to PEM fuel cells. First, we are developing the use of inexpensive, natural fiber materials, such as cotton, jute, and bamboo. Second, we are developing methods to reduce the carbonization temperatures and eliminate manufacturing steps, such as the need for a microporous layer. Figure. SEM images of commercial (A) (without microporous layer), cotton (B), and jute (C) based GDLs. The cotton and jute GDLs had been carbonized at 1100°C in N2 atmosphere. Figure 1