Low-concentration PVC microplastics alleviate the physiological toxicity of nortriptyline to Chlorella vulgaris and enhance its drug removal capacity

Ecofriendly and sustainable Sargassum spp.-based system for the removal of highly used drugs during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Optimized removal of antibiotic drugs from aqueous solutions using single, double and multi-walled carbon nanotubes

Carbon nanofibers are promising green materials for sustainable technology within a wide range of applications including environment, energy, health and high-technology. Accordingly, drug adsorption is an important subject in connection with its environmental and pharmaceutical applications. This study aims to investigate the adsorption performance of carbon nanofibers in batch and fixed bed column processes. Carbon nanofibers were used as adsorbent to remove triflupromazine hdyrochloride from aqueous solutions. Adsorption kinetics were studied using Lagergren first order and Pseudo second order models. Intraparticle diffusion graph was plotted using kinetic data and showed that intraparticle diffusion is the single step controlling the adsorption rate. Experimental equilibrium data was modeled by using Langmuir and Freundlich equations and has a better fit to the Langmuir model. Triflupromazine adsorption on carbon nanofibers was found to be H-type according to Giles classification. The effect of temperature and the effect of pH on adsorption were studied to determine optimum adsorption conditions. Adsorption capacity of carbon nanofibers was decreased with increasing temperature due to the exothermic and physical nature of the process. Thermodynamic parameters confirmed the exothermic nature of the adsorption. Results showed the effective adsorption of drug molecules by carbon nanofibers. Maximum adsorption capacity was calculated as 165.41 mg/g at pH 9 using Langmuir equation. Modeling of the fixed bed column data was done by using Thomas model and Yoon–Nelson model. Results showed the important effect of the operating conditions on the removal performance of carbon nanofibers. Removal capacity was increased with an increase in the flow rate and the increase in the fixed bed length.

Electronic durable behavior on the material surface was accompanied by a class of antipsychotic drugs (APD) to describe the surface modification in the designed adsorption model. Hierarchically Zn-MOF system was utilized for estimating its capacity for drug molecule removal. Geometrically optimized strategy on the studied systems was performed using DFT/GGA/PBE. FMOs analysis was depicted based on the same level of calculations, and molecular electrostatic potential surface (MEP) was generated for unadsorbed and adsorbed systems to illustrate the variation in the surface-active sites. By interpreting the electronic density of states (DOS), the atomic orbital can be identified as a major or minor electronic distribution by PDOS graph. Adsorption locating behavior was considered to detect the significant surface interaction mode between APD and Zn-MOF surface based on lower adsorption energy. The stability of the adsorbed model was best described through dynamic simulation analysis with time through elevated temperatures. The non-covalent interactions were described using RDG/NCI analysis to show the major favorable surface interaction predicting the highly stable adsorption system. The most accurate geometrical computations were performed using the materials studio software followed by surface cleavage and vacuum slab generation. The first principle of DFT was used to apply CASTEP module with GGA/PBE method for band structure and DOS calculations. Three systems of antipsychotic drugs were computationally studied using CASTEP simulation package and adsorbed on an optimized Zn-MOF surface. Adsorption locator module predicted the preferred adsorption mechanistic models, in which the first model was arranged to be more stable, to confirm the occurrence of some interactions in the adsorption mechanism.

A customizable 3D printed device for enzymatic removal of drugs in water

In the present work, a comparative study on eco-friendly synthesis of zinc oxide (ZnO) sample 1 and sample 2 with 3.17 and 4.17 M NaOH, respectively, is reported. Sample 2 with 4.17 M NaOH is applied in the photocatalytic degradation of paracetamol (pure and raw both) using the ultraviolet (UV, 280-400 nm) and UV/H2O2 reaction systems. Pure paracetamol (PCM1) and raw paracetamol (PCM2) from tablets are used for photocatalytic degradation by photocatalysis. Our experimental evidence show that ZnO sample 2 was more active in the UV/H2O2 reaction system than under ultraviolet (UV, 280-400 nm) irradiation only in the photocatalytic degradation process. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) confirms the homogeneous growth of a rod-like structure for sample 1 and brittle and randomly aggregated rod-like and wire-like nanostructures for sample 2. The peaks observed in the region around 440 to 900 cm-1 in the FTIR spectra for sample 1 and sample 2 annealed at 250 °C confirms the presence of ZnO bonds. UV absorption spectroscopy indicates a red shift in the absorption spectra due to the increase in the molar concentration of NaOH to 4.17 M for sample 2. In this study, the band gap values are found to be 3.33 and 3.01 eV for the synthesized ZnO sample 1 and sample 2, respectively, which are 40 and 360 meV less as compared to that of bulk ZnO (3.37 eV). The oxidation rate is increased in the UV/H2O2 reaction system, producing the highest rate for PCM1 drug removal with rate constant 9.7 × 10-3 min-1 and half-life 71.5 min. The kinetic study results for the removal of PCM1 and PCM2 show good results and follow the pseudo-first-order kinetic model with correlation coefficients 0.69556 and 0.90851, respectively, whereas PCM2 follows the pseudo-second-order kinetic model with correlation coefficient 0.9993. The experimental and calculated values of removal capacity (q e) at equilibrium is found close to those of the pseudo-second order kinetic model for the removal of both the paracetamol forms PCM1 and PCM2 with the catalyst ZnO nanostructure. The photostability of ZnO sample 2 is also tested with a reusability test in photocatalytic degradation of paracetamol at least four times. The absence of a maxima peak at 243 of PCM1 in the UV/H2O2 reaction system indicates nearly 100% successful conversion of 20 ppm PCM1 by using synthesized catalyst ZnO sample 2. The comparative results of both reaction systems, i.e., UV and UV/H2O2, show that the hydroxyl radicals, as the active species, are responsible for major degradation of both paracetamol forms (PCM1 and PCM2).

In this work, the potential of peach pit biosorption in the removal of the drug metformin hydrochloride from water is evaluated. Experiments are carried out in a closed batch system to evaluate the effect of the solution pH (2–10), temperature (25, 35 and 45 °C), stirring (100, 150 and 200 rpm) and chemical treatments. During the study, biosorbent characterization, kinetic tests, equilibrium tests and thermodynamic parameter calculations are performed. The operating conditions that show the best results for both the raw biosorbent and the biosorbent submitted to acid, basic and acid followed by basic treatments with removal capacities of 3.17, 10.83, 18.10 and 49.14 mg g−1, respectively, are pH 7, 25 °C and 100 rpm, which result in an equilibrium time of 12 h. In the kinetic study, the pseudo-second-order model represents the best fit for the experimental data, while the Langmuir model best represents the equilibrium data. The biomasses submitted to chemical treatments show a significant increase in drug removal capacity related to the raw biosorbent, with the best maximum absorption of 82.54±1.34 mg g−1 achieved after the application of the acid followed by basic treatment. These results show that peach pit has potential to be used as a low-cost biosorbent to remove drugs from water.

Nanocomposites of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) coupled gadolinium doped ZnFe2O4 (GZFG) have been successfully one pot in-situ synthesized adopting low temperature solution process from zinc nitrate, iron nitrate, gadolinium acetate and graphene oxide with varying concentrations of gadolinium (upto 10% Gd with respect to Zn) in the precursor medium. X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy studies confirm the presence of single phase cubic spinel structure of ZnFe2O4 that uniformly distributed over the rGO layers. With increasing Gd doping concentration in precursor medium, the average crystallite size of ZnFe2O4 diminishes gradually from ~11 to ~5.5 nm. Raman and X-ray photoelectron spectral analyses confirm an existence of interaction between rGO and ZnFe2O4 in GZFG samples. Using antibiotic levofloxacin in water, the drug removal capacity (DRC) of GZFG has been performed by optimization of parameters such as gadolinium doping concentration in precursor medium, solution pH, etc. However, the gadolinium doping leads to an improvement in DRC of the nanocomposite and the 5% Gd doped sample shows about 86% DRC at the optimized condition. This simple strategy can be utilized in the synthesis of rGO coupled Gd doped other metal oxide nanocomposites for DRC application.

Charcoal-based materials have attracted much attention for the removal of pharmaceutical agents. The charcoal-based carbon materials have green synthetic routes, high surface area, numerous active site with active functional groups available for physico-chemical interactions with adsorbate for surface-adsorptive removal of toxins. In this study, acid treated activated carbon was developed from the peach seeds using thermal pyrolysis approach. Phosphoric acid activated carbon (PAC) was further modified by HNO3 and employed as an adsorbent for the removal of amoxicillin and paracetamol and process variables were optimized for enhanced removal of amoxicillin and paracetamol. The adsorption of pharmaceutical agents was significantly affected by temperature, pH and reaction time. The amoxicillin and paracetamol sorption process onto PCA followed a pseudo second order kinetics and Langmuir isotherm model with a maximum removal capacity of 51.8 mg/g and 51.1 mg/g, respectively. The results revealed that acid activated carbon has promising efficiency for the removal of amoxicillin and paracetamol from aqueous medium and peach seeds derived PCA could be employed for the removal of these pharmaceutical agents from effluents and PAC is also extendable for the removal of other drugs from pharmaceutical wastewater streams.

In this study, electrospinning was used to synthesize the nanofibers from a blend of chitosan and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) to remove acidic drugs from wastewater. Fibers with uniform morphology were obtained at voltage of 20 kV, flow rate of 0.2 mL/h, and collection distance of 10 cm. The chemical and physical properties of the produced nanofibers were investigated utilizing a variety of equipment, including SEM, FTIR, XRD, and TGA-DSC. The nanofibers contain active hydroxyl and amino functional groups with an average diameter of 380 nm, according to the characterization results of FTIR and SEM. From the XRD and TGA-DSC analysis, the nanofibers were found to be amorphous and thermally stable at 200 °C. A thermal treatment to the nanofibers was done to reduce the water solubility of the fibers prior to their application for the adsorption of acidic drugs from water systems. Using the ultra-pure water, maximum removal capacities (qm) were calculated from Langmuir isotherm and were found to be 27.85, 1666.66, 166.6, and 1250 mg/g for acetyl salicylic acid, naproxen, fenoprofen, and diclofenac, respectively.

Wastewater treatment test by removal of the sulfamethoxazole antibiotic by a calcined layered double hydroxide

On the use of carbon blacks as potential low-cost adsorbents for the removal of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs from river water

Diclofenac adsorption using a low-cost adsorbent derived from Guazuma ulmifolia Lam. fruit via chemical and thermal treatment

In this work handling of Tetracycline (TCs) in waste water utilizing Zinc oxide ( ZnO) Nano particle as catalyst has been studied. The affects of several factor, like the influence of primary Tetracycline (TCs) drug conc., irradiation time, and the affect of catalyst ZnO in order to reach to the best effective conditions that the top handle of Tetracycline (TCs).The utmost elimination capacity of Tetracycline (TCs) drug was indicated at 0.2 gm/100cm3weight of ( ZnO) Zinc oxide Nano particle and 50 mg/l of Tetracycline (TCs) drug. The percentage capacity of drug removal at 80. 388 %.The data give details the photo catalytic degradation capacity, that raise through rising catalyst ZnO about 0.05 - 3 gm. The degradation capacity reduced by the raise in catalyst loading. data too appeared that the rate of photo catalytic degradation was raised through lowering concentration of Tetracycline (TCs) drug.

Synthesis of mesoporous P‑doped carbon and its application in propranolol drug removal: Characterization, kinetics and isothermal studies