Lost and Found. The Residence of Nostitz Family in Chotków, Lower Silesia

The publication, based on the study of biographical and autobiographical information, characterizes the educational, professional artistic, and educational activities of Ukrainian artists of the middle 19th and early 20th centuries. An analysis of the role of artists as active participants in the national, cultural, intellectual, and social life of Ukrainian society is presented. The author has studied not only the artistic heritage of artists, but also their multifaceted activities, which covered educational, journalistic, and organizational spheres. The article highlights theoretical positions on the educational activities of Ukrainian artists, which are illustrated by specific examples of their experience and influence on the state of society and professional and general education in Ukraine in the 19th - 20th centuries. The author touches on the problems of the direction of the high society of the middle 19th - early 20th centuries. on the development of Ukrainian culture and education; highlights biographical and autobiographical information about Ukrainian artists of the 19th - 20th centuries; reveals the role of the educational activities of Ukrainian artists, their influence on the formation of public opinion; focuses on the relationship between artistic activity with educational and pedagogical practice, the organization of art circles, schools, the creation of studios and participation in cultural and educational societies. Their pedagogical work in schools, colleges, and academies contributed to the formation of a galaxy of famous Ukrainian artists who continued the national artistic and educational tradition of their predecessors. The work also highlights the problem of self-identification of Ukrainian artists as educators and public figures, since art is considered a powerful tool for influencing and shaping public opinion, a means of broadcasting the idea of national revival, social and cultural renewal of the state. Artists took the position not only of creators of aesthetic values, but also of leaders of the national idea, founders of an intellectual space capable of uniting society around common ideological values. The publication highlights the need to understand the heritage of Ukrainian artists of the middle 19th and early 20th centuries not only as artists, but also as outstanding figures of education, who contributed to the formation of national identity with their work.

Music and choreography interaction in the stage dances of musical theater productions of the 17th – the first half of the 18th century

Can the 16th and early 17th centuries in Poland‐Lithuania and some other east‐central European countries be characterized as a “Golden Age” in human capital? We trace the development of a specific human capital indicator during this period: numeracy. We draw upon new evidence for Poland and Russia from the early 17th century onwards; and for Belarus, Ukraine, and Lithuania from the 18th century onwards; controlling for potential selectivity issues. Poland had quite high levels of numeracy during the early 17th century, but these levels subsequently fell below those of even southern Europe. As in other countries in the area, numeracy levels in Poland were lower than those of western Europe during the 17th, 18th, and early 19th centuries. This finding might support the hypothesis that the second serfdom process, which gained momentum during the 17th century, was one of the core reasons why human capital accumulation was delayed in eastern Europe. The major wars in the region also had devastating effects on numeracy levels. (KEYWORDS: Central‐Eastern Europe; historical Demography; Eastern Europe; Human Capital; Numeracy; Age‐Heaping; census microdata)

The transformation of the planning structure of the city of Chernihiv, starting from the 10th century, is analyzed. The peculiarities of the development and construction of the city in the 17th-20th centuries are considered. The main reasons that led to the replanning, reconstruction, expansion of the city, implementation of measures for the improvement of the territory in certain periods of Chernihiv development are outlined. The main features of the modern functional and planning structure of the city are presented. The dangers associated with changing the appearance of the urban space were analyzed, and priority directions for further optimization of the planning structure of Chernihiv were emphasized. The growth of the population, the deepening of their influence on the environment and the scientific and technological revolution caused the emergence of new complex tasks associated with the progressive development of cities. Among them: the acceleration of the rate of urbanization, environmental pollution, changes in the structure of the city's economy, infrastructure complications, an increase in resources and costs to meet the needs of the population, a significant number of potential threats, etc. The relevance and socio-economic value of the study of urban territories contributed to the integration of many scientific disciplines in the direction of creating urban concepts for optimizing the space for the life of the population. The purpose of the article is a historical-geographical analysis of the transformation of the planning structure of Chernihiv. To achieve the goal, the following tasks were selected in the study: consider the transformations of the planning structure of Chernihiv starting from the 10th century; reveal the features of the development and construction of the city in the 17th-20th centuries; outline the main reasons that led to the re-planning, reconstruction, expansion of Chernihiv in different periods of development; find out the main features of the modern functional and planning structure of the city.

The present work concerns old punctuation, and as such is a return to the research thread introduced in my book on Old Polish dedicatory works (Tutak 2013a). This monograph is based on studies of Polish punctuation published over a period of more than 150 years. During this time, rhetorical intonational punctuation was replaced by syntactic-logical punctuation to which contemporary Polish speakers are accustomed. The research corpus consists of four sets of sources which are: treatises devoted entirely to the art of punctuation, grammar textbooks, collections of spelling rules, and the two oldest linguistic journals, “Poradnik Językowy” and “Język Polski”. The assumption to discuss the development of Polish punctuation thought based on four separate groups of documents, determined the composition of this study. The first chapter concerns punctuation treatises from the 19th and early 20th century, i.e. the works of Feliks Bentkowski, Florian Łagowski, and Wiktor Wąsik. Completing it is an anlysis of the author’s punctuation in W. Wąsik’s memoirs from the occupation period. In the second chapter I dealt with grammars from the end of the 18th century to the 1930s, while the third chapter considers spelling rules in the 19th and early 20th century. The fourth chapter of the book aims to indicate the important role of Stanisław Jodłowski and his “Zasady interpunkcji” [“Principles of punctuation”] in the codification and unification of punctuation rules in 1935 and 1936. The fifth chapter is devoted to two selected punctuation marks, the colon and the quotation mark. While the quotation mark has attracted the attention of researchers, and not only linguists, the colon has not enjoyed the same interest of linguists as the comma, semicolon, dash, and others. Meanwhile, it was the colon that occupied a unique position among the marks of the old rhetoricalintonational punctuation.

The article presents an analysis of the list of publications cited in the footnotes and text of Chronicum ecclesiasticum Prussorum (Chronicle of the Prussian Church), the seventh book of Deliciae Prussicae, oder preussische Schaubuhne (Prussian Curiosities or the Prussian Theatre), the manuscript by Matthaeus Praetorius (ca. 1635–1704). The manuscript of M. Pretorius’s Chronicle was fund to contain 231 footnotes at the bottom of the pages and more than 100 references in the text itself. M. Praetorius cites 100 authors and approximately 130 publications. From the chronological standpoint, the cited authors range from the 2nd century to 1698, the year of the completion of the Chronicle manuscript. The article discusses the following main groups of the topics and genres of the cited publications: chronicles and histories of the Teutonic Order and the Duchy of Prussia; chronicles and authorial histories published by historians of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania from the 15th to the first half of the 17th century; histories of the European Church; histories of regional Churches; texts of late-antique and medieval Christian theologians; key texts of the Lutheran theological doctrine and some Catholic theological texts of the 16th century; writings by regional theological polemists of the 16th–17th centuries. From the religious perspective, M. Praetorius refers to writings of the Church Fathers, early Christian and medieval theologians, authors representing Lutheran, Catholic (among them Jesuits), Calvinist, Aryan and Czech Brethren Churches of the 16th–17th centuries; he extensively cites texts pertaining to intra- and extra-Lutheran polemical disputes; in the end of the Chronicle he gives an account of the authors who seeked reconciliation within the Lutheran Church or between among Western European Churches. The majority of the cited authors and publications come from Central and Central Eastern Europe. The most often cited publication is the Bible. The texts concerning the Lutheran theological doctrine are cited most extensively. The selection of the sources was determined by the goals of the Chronicle: to write a history of regional Churches (those of Royal Prussia, Pomerania and of the Duchy of Prussia, which had been changing its political status throughout the 17 th century), and thereby it is oriented towards the early Christian and medieval Church historians and theologists, important for the theological disputes that took place in the region in the 16th–17th centuries. In the Chronicle, M. Praetorius cites a representative selection of contemporary and medieval authors writing on the topic of particular importance to him: the possibilities for the Prussians to encounter Christianity and the beginnings of their Christianization. His selection of historians of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania of the 15th–17th centuries is also comprehensive. The foundations of his erudition were laid in the German Evangelical universities and strengthened through independent studies of regional historians’ writings. The list of authors and publications cited by M. Praetorius in the Chronicle shows him as a very well-read, professionally qualified historian. From the broad repertoire of Central and Central Eastern European publications of the 16th–17th centuries, he opts for those that were relevant for his purposes; however, he essentially omits the works that fostered the new history-writing paradigms of the late 16th and 17th century. Fom the contemporary authors, he tends to select the ones who sought reconciliation within the Lutheran Church or among different Western European Churches and thereby laid the foundation for the Pietist and Irenic movements.

The article analyses the phenomenon of post-truth as one of the mechanisms of cultural mobilization of the masses in the context of the Philosophy of Truth and the Basic Myth theory of George Sorel. The relevance of the study is determined by the possibility of establishing several previously unstudied reasons for the cultural turn that has led to the spread of the phenomenon of fakes. A result of which leads to emotional assessments, political bias and prejudices prevail over rational arguments, and the concept of truth is blurred. The purpose of the article is to provide a conceptual analysis of the trend that can be defined as the transition from the philosophy of Truth to the philosophy of post-Truth. In order to achieve this goal, it was necessary to complete the following tasks: 1) to explicate the conceptual apparatus of Russian philosophical culture, grouped around the philosophical themes of Truth and Verity; 2) to test it by analyzing the processes of reception and further development of Marxist philosophy in Russia; 3) to identify and describe the non-trivial features of these processes; 4) to compare the concept of post-Truth with G. Sorel’s theory of basic myth; 5) to apply the resulting theoretical hybrid to the analysis of fakes in the culture of the information society. The research materials are the works of Russian philosophers and prominent socio-political figures who reflected on the relationship between Truth and Verity in the 19th – 20th centuries. The research utilizes historical-genetic, hermeneutic and axiological approaches, which use various methods of description, comparative and conceptual analysis. G. Sorel's teaching on the basic myth was also used as a theoretical lens. As a result of the study, the cultural and philosophical specificity of the transition from the philosophy of Truth to the philosophy of post-Truth was reconstructed. The paper shows that the conceptualization of Truth and Verity in Russian culture and philosophy that took place in the 19th and early 20th centuries revealed the potential for mutual correspondence and inconsistency between these concepts. Applying the resulting conceptual apparatus to the development of Marxism in Russia in the first half of the 20th century that the concept of posttruth appeared as early as in the first third of the 20th century. The key features of the early model of post-Truth can be considered its manipulative nature, dependence on leaderism and connection with the media. Moreover, the consideration of this phenomenon as an element of Soviet ideology in the framework of the theory of the basic myth of G. Sorel showed its connection with the so-called culture of meaning, which moved from the search for Verity to the search for Truth and later to the state of post-Truth. In turn, philosophizing in the post-Truth mode has proven effective in mobilizing collective action, which served to further popularize and develop the practices of using the philosophy of post-Truth. This process manifests itself within the framework of the strategy of producing fakes, actively implemented by groups and individuals at the present time.

Today Vasyuchyn is a small village with about one thousand inhabitants. The settlement had urban status and was one of the famous craft centers in the past. There was a quarry here, where high-quality natural alabaster stone was mined and processed. Vasyuchyn alabaster had a snow-white color and was famous as a beautiful material for decorating walls, carving sculptures, tombstones and decorative architectural details. Actually, Vasyuchyn alabaster was called in the 17th century "Ruthenian marble" and products made from it were exported abroad. A small alabaster industry operated here at the beginning of the 20th century. The ancient history of the manufactory is unknown to current residents. In this regard, the publication aims to reveal the history of the settlement and perform a hypothetical reconstruction of its architectural and planning structure at the time of the 17th century. A special task is to determine the location of the former Vasyuchyn alabaster manufactory, whose activities were associated with famous sculptors and entrepreneurs of the late 16th and early 17th centuries - Herman van Hutte and Heinrich Horst. The quarry and workshop for the production of alabaster stone sculptures have probably been operating in Vasyuchyn for a long time, but the Dutch masters are responsible for raising it to a new artistic level. Vasyuchyn is one of the lost towns of Galicia. In the 14th-17th centuries, it was a private town with a very rich history. Although the history of Vasyuchyn was quite short from 1444 to 1620, its urban structure was developed and did not differ from neighboring settlements with a city rights - Knyahynychi, Khodoriv, Zhuriv, etc. In the western part of the settlement there was a midtown with a small square market square and a church. A feature of Vasyuchyn was that a mill was located next to the market square. The midtown of Vasyuchyn was surrounded by water obstacles on all sides. The water wheel created natural favorable conditions for defense. The system of defensive ramparts covered the midtown from the western and southern sides. Assessing the remains of the ramparts, which have survived only in the western part of the settlement, we attribute them to the bastion system of fortifications of the Old Dutch school. The mid was probably fortified at the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, when an alabaster factory operated here. The urban structure of the city belonged to the so-called conjugated type of cities, when the castle and the midtown formed a combined defense system. Vasyuchyn Castle had two phases of development. The older defensive yard was located on an artificial island in the middle of a swampy Swirzh river valley.The remains of earthen ramparts have survived from this object. The new castle was located in the southern part of the midtown. Unfortunately, no buildings or fortifications have survived from it. A palace complex with a manor house was planned on the site of this object at a later time. Its planning structure reflected in the draft plan of the settlement from 1846. In order to reconstruct the architectural and spatial structure of the castle, which probably had a Renaissance character, it is necessary to conduct deeper historical and cartographic studies. The town of Vasyuchyn in the 16th-17th centuries should be attributed to the conditional artistic capitals of the Renaissance in Galicia. The products of the alabaster workshop exported to the many cities of Eastern and Central Europe. Artistic works made of Vasyuchyn alabaster noted in Kraków, Warsaw, Poznan, Wroclaw, Czarnów, Rymanów, etc. Many works made for local shrines - in the cities of Lviv, Sambir, Felshtyn, Uniw, etc. The revival of the alabaster industry, especially in the direction of using alabaster stone in an artistic aspect, can be the foundation of a new economic progress of the community.

The turbulent past has marked the entire area of Bosnia and Herzegovina, especially its peripheral parts, which were often influenced by violent demographic changes, reflecting on various population structures. The wider area of Podrinje was affected by forced migrations of the Bosniak population during the 19th and 20th centuries. The expulsion of Bosniaks from the Principality of Serbia in the early 1830s significantly impacted the demographic structures of the Bosnian Podrinje region, especially the Osat region. This study does not explore various anthropogeographic changes in the settlement of Pribidol, whether they occurred during normal or forced social events, but rather investigates the process of family formation and households during the 19th century. The most important historical sources used for the mentioned research are: the Ottoman census of male household members of the Srebrenica District in 1850/51, the Ottoman cadaster of 1867/75, the list of residential property owners from 1880/84, as well as the land registry books of the Srebrenica District in 1894. This study explored the families that lived in the settlement of Pribidol during the 19th century. These are the following families: Ahmetović, Aljić, Begić, Dervišević, Džananović, Halilović, Husić, Ibišević, Ibrahimović, Janković, Marković, Mešanović, Mitrović, Muminović, Mustafić, Osmanović, Salkić, and Smajić. In the Muslim area of Pribidol, 19 households, or family households, were recorded, with a total of 79 male individuals, with an average age of 20.1 years. In the then-independent settlement of Pribidol, 15 households were recorded, with 59 male individuals, with an average age of 19.0 years. In the Barakovići mahalla, 3 households were recorded, with 14 male individuals, and in the independent settlement of Zgunja, one household was recorded with a total of 6 male individuals. Therefore, the total population of Bosniak Pribidol was around 160 individuals of both sexes. During the conducted census in 1850/51, only two families had a family surname, which changed in the early 1880s. According to the 1879 census in the settlement of Gaj (Turkish Pribidol), there were 171 inhabitants (93 male individuals) all of Bosniak nationality. There were 25 houses and an equal number of apartments in the settlement, with an average of 6.8 individuals per household. The 1895 census recorded 315 inhabitants (158 male individuals). There were 255 Bosniaks and 60 Orthodox inhabitants. There were a total of 50 houses (2 uninhabited) with 50 households - an average size of 6.3 members. Between 1850/51 and 1895, there was a significant increase in the population of the settlement of Pribidol, especially in the last census of 1895. This growth was conditioned by the settlement of Orthodox inhabitants, who constituted 25% of the total population in 1895. The list of residential property owners from 1880/84 identified three new mahallas (Kadrići, Podševar, and Živkovići) compared to the census of 1850/51. These Bosniak families of the settlement of Pribidol persisted throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries, either through male or female lines, except for changes in the family surname among married female inhabitants. Some family surnames ceased to exist in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, either due to the extinction of their male members or their emigration from the settlement of Pribidol. This particularly applies to families with the surnames Ahmetović, Halilović, and Mešanović. The number of households (families) increased among other Bosniak families until the mid-20th century, and some of their members moved to other settlements in the Podrinje region, primarily around the cities of Bijeljina, Bratunac, and Srebrenica.

In recent decades historians, sociologists and political scientists have attempted to explain why in the late 19th and early 20th centuries some Western countries adopted national corporatist structures while others transformed into liberal market economies. One of the explanatory factors often mentioned is the persistence or absence of guild traditions. Yet how exactly guild traditions influenced the shaping of national political economies largely remains unclear due to a lack of empirical evidence on their 19th-century development. This paper aims to contribute to the debate by investigating the development of various trades in Germany, the United Kingdom and the Netherlands throughout the 19th century. We distinguish six scenarios of what might have happened to crafts during the transition to an industrial economy. Next we focus on the prevalence of these six scenarios in the three countries and their influence on the emerging national political economies. We conclude that the claims put forward in the literature about the importance of guild traditions are only partially correct. By focusing on trades, rather than on the national or local political economy, our analysis demonstrates that in our three sample countries a wide variety of trades – some in which guild traditions survived, others in which these traditions had never existed or were destroyed in the 19th century – existed side-by-side. Decisive in the formation of national political economies and citizenship rights weren’t general national patterns, but which of these trades came to dominate the development of national political economies by the end of the 19th century.

ABSTRACTThe Roman military presence at Dalswinton is reassessed using a range of remote sensing techniques (geophysical survey, LiDAR and aerial photography). At Bankfoot the absence of internal buildings suggests the postulated vexillation fortress was a more temporary structure; while numerous pits/ovens were identified across the interior of the large Stracathro-type camp. The primary fort at Bankhead was provided with in-turned entrances and two small annexes attached to the north-west and south-east quadrants of the fort. A third much larger annexe extended southwards down to the river. Only pits and furnaces were recorded within the annexes, two of which were expanded in Phase 2. Various buildings, including legionary and auxiliary barracks, were identified in the expanded fort of Phase 2, whose orientation remained unchanged. A mixed garrison of legionaries and auxiliary cavalry is indicated for both periods of occupation. Finally, the fort was deliberately demolished. The Roman attribution of the three nearby enclosures at Butterhole Brae can no longer be supported.

The report presents the changes that took place in nahiya Kara Lom between the late 17th and early 18th centuries. It is based on published and unpublished Ottoman documents – detailed cizye and avariz defters, stored in the Ottoman Archives in Istanbul and at the Oriental Department in Sofia. They were composed in the late 17th – first half of the 18th centuries. At the turn of the 18th century, very significant transformations took place in this region, which changed its appearance and state fundamentally. The main focus of the study is on the demographic and religious changes and processes in the region. They were expressed in the sharp decline of the population. This process was specific to the whole region, and its causes can be traced to many factors that have had a detrimental effect. These included climate change, plague epidemics, population migrations, economic problems in the Ottoman Empire, and the process of Islamization. They led to a decline in the population of Kara Lom, which can be described as a demographic crisis. In the vortex of this crisis, there was a “change” of the confessional image of the nahiya, i.e. a radical change in the religious model of the district, which had disastrous consequences for many settlements in the region. The report provides possible explanations for the demographic and religious transformations in nahiya Kara Lom, which shaped the area in the next century as we know it today.

The article deals with the features of constructing the image of a false ruler in German chronicles of the late 13th and early 14th centuries. Describing modus operandi of the false emperor Frederick II of Staufen (acted in the Lower Rhine in 1284—1285) and giving characteristics the social groups that sympathized with him medieval historiographers looked for an image, which could serve for them as a prototype in their description of medieval reality. The author found out that this prototype was Antichrist, the character of Apocalypse as an ideal imitatior, i.e. a person, which claims were totally false. The medieval exegetics this character acquired characteristic properties and attributes. The medieval exegetists created to this character various features and attributes. Medieval chroniclers, resynthesized the idea of “imitator” creating the image of the false emperor, reworked such “signs” of the Antichrist’s “repetition” as some details of the Christ’s biography, convincing eloquence, generosity, creation of miracles.

e village of Dăbâca/Doboka is situated 30 kms northwest of Cluj-Napoca, by the stream called Lona, which flows into the River Someş 10 km away from this place. One side of the mountain called Nagyhegy, which is situated southwest of the village (529 m above sea level), made the valley of the stream Lona so narrow that it is a vantage point of the pass. e road in the narrow valley, squeezed between two hills, in the middle of the village takes a sharp turn to the left. e old fortress district was in the area curbed this way. e two hills are gradually declining towards northwest.e shape of the fortress is similar to a pie with a sharp angle and an arc at the end, pointing towards north-northeast. Both sides are well defendable, sloping in 25°–45°. e early medieval fortress district was built in this place with a number of villages and churches around it.e necropolis of Fortress Area 4, which belonged to the village in the 11th–13th centuries was found in the south-eastern part of the fortress district.e excavations beginning in the early 60’s in the last century were conducted with preconceptions, as the centre of Chief Gelou was thought to have been discovered before the start of the excavations, which is an impassable way from a scientific point of view.In this brief research history, which in many cases is not so relevant in our research, one can draw two conclusions: 1. Dăbâca perfectly demonstrates the concepts, interpretations and vision of the expert who lived in the various eras in the 20th century; 2. So far the interpretation of Dăbâca has been based on the historical narative and linguistic data. e archaeological data is limited to providing arguments for different historical theories; 3. Scientific-political, political and supposedly personal interests and careerist considerations all played a part or worked as the driving forces behind the start of the excavations in Dăbâca in the 60’s. Unfortunately the past political manipulations have had a great ‘career’ in national-communist Romania, and Dăbâca is a sad symbol of this.Unfortunately, a major scientific problem of the excavated part of the cemetery is that the skeletons have not been preserved. Although we have managed to identify the finds, the lack of bones is an irreparable loss. e remains of the population in Tămaş garden in Dăbâca can only be analysed scientifically after new successful excavations.In spite of the fact that the archaeological analyses so far have informed us about two churches excavated in the garden of Tămaş, the original documentation, which is at our disposal, clearly attests that only one church was excavated. In the south, the walls of a much bigger church were detected but they have remained unexplored. e church may be dated by the nine coins of Ladislaus I (1077–1095), found in sector A in its northern part. e received burial rite in the 11th – 13th centuries was the skeleton burial. e cremation burial rite, known in previous centuries, disappears in the 9th century or at least becomes undetectable by archaeological means. Altogether 95 skeletons have been registered in the 71 graves in the churchyard cemetery excavated in the garden of A. Tămaş and a small ossuary, found west of the skull in Grave 24, which could have contained the remains of several skeletons. is cemetery is characterised by stones of different sizes placed in the graves with a ritual purpose; the same custom characterizes the graves of Fortress Area IV. e finds in a sector of this part of the cemetery are typical 12th century finds (simple hair rings and hair rings with S-shaped ends, coins) (Pl. 9, 11). e coins found in the graves are the so called anonymous denars dating from the first half of the 12th century. Other graves were dug in the area of the demolished church, so these clearly show a later origin; probably they come from the 13th– 14th centuries. erefore the churches and the cemetery belonging to them, which were excavated in the garden of A. Tămaş can be dated to the 12th and 13th–14th centuries and they are encompassed in the horizon of the 12th century Doboka and its surrounding area as a power centre. e fortress, which was rebuilt several times, the settlement and the cemeteries are all parts of this horizon as is analysed in our paper. We held it very important to analyse them separately. e finds clearly show that in Doboka we can see a settlement way back in the 7 – 9th centuries (Pl. 18), that cannot be connected to the fortress. According to the finds from the fortress, the most important ones of which were the 11th century coins Stephen I, Andrew I, Peter Orseolo, Coloman I the Book-lover) and the elements of material culture characteristic of this century. In our opinion, the fortress can’t have been built earlier than the middle of the 11th century and its second enlarged form can be dated to the time of Andrew I. is was destroyed at some time, in our opinion it happened during the reign of King Coloman I the Book-lover, unfortunately, we couldn’t identify this coin in the collection of the Transylvanian National Museum in Cluj. As is well known, the so called anonymous dinars were coined in the minters of the Hungarian Kingdom from the time of King Coloman to the era of Stephen II (Time Period I), it is not obvious that the fortress was burned at the end of the 11th or the beginning of the 12th century. It is also unclear how the stone wall was built at the beginning of the 13th century since no example of it is known in northern Transylvania and only few in the whole territory of the Hungarian Kingdom until the second half of the 13th century when the social-economic transition brought about major changes in the fortress system and the architecture of forts. According to the finds excavated in the fortress area, although we cannot see them as the evidence of the presence of the comes, the head of the county, the various arrow heads, sword cross iron and spurs can be connected to the group of the class of the miles, but some information on the 12th century from the Arad fortress supports that we can count with the mansios, i.e. the servant folks (servi). ese also give an outline of the social classes known from the laws of King Stephen I. e silver beads with granulated ornaments may hint at some long distance commercial contact, which can also be connected to the elite.The culmination point of the fortress, which was built in or after the first half of the 11th century, and the settlement on its territory falls on the 12th century according to the archaeological and numismatic finds. The coins found in the cemetery from Fortress Area 4, the garden of Tămaș and the cemetery of Boldogasszony give an exact map of it. The decline of the fortress centre as a political-military and administrative centre falls on the 13th century. The downfall of the centre in Dăbâca may not be connected concretely to the Mongolian raid; it may also be linked to other administrative and economic reasons. As a working hypothesis we may assume that the loss of its importance as a centre may be connected to the eastward growth of the settlement system of the county, the territory of the count took its final shape in the 12–13th centuries. This observation of ours is supported by the fact that only one 13th century coin is known from the three parts of the cemetery, the last anonym dinar may be connected to the name of Béla III (1172–1196). The settlement phenomena excavated so far can also be dated to the 11th–12thcenturies. Certainly, we would not like to consider these data to have absolute value, but the lack of 13th century numismatic finds (except for a single coin of Béla IV) requires further explanation. However, this can only be proved or refuted by extended and manifold interdisciplinary researches.

Child labour is the most common form of child abuse in the world today, with almost half of child workers employed in hazardous industries. The large-scale employment of children during the rapid industrialisation of the late 18th and early 19th centuries in England is well documented. During this period, the removal of pauper children from workhouses in cities to work as apprentices in rural mills in the North of England was commonplace. Whilst the experiences of some of these children have been recorded historically, this study provides the first direct evidence of their lives through bioarchaeological analysis. The excavation of a rural churchyard cemetery in the village of Fewston, North Yorkshire, yielded the skeletal remains of 154 individuals, including an unusually large proportion of children aged between 8 to 20 years. A multi-method approach was undertaken, including osteological and palaeopathological examination, stable isotope and amelogenin peptide analysis. The bioarchaeological results were integrated with historical data regarding a local textile mill in operation during the 18th-19th centuries. The results for the children were compared to those obtained from contemporaneous individuals of known identity (from coffin plates) of comparable date. Most of the children exhibited distinctive 'non-local' isotope signatures and a diet low in animal protein when compared to the named local individuals. These children also showed severe growth delays and pathological lesions indicative of early life adversity, as well as respiratory disease, which is a known occupational hazard of mill work. This study has provided unique insights into the harrowing lives of these children; born into poverty and forced to work long hours in dangerous conditions. This analysis provides a stark testimony of the impacts of industrial labour on the health, growth and mortality risk of children, with implications for the present as well as our understanding of the past.