Abstract
Are land-expropriated, urbanised residents living happily? This question is not only related to the quality of urbanisation but also has important reference for evaluating the reform of the land acquisition system. On the basis of the Chinese General Social Survey data in 2017 and 2018, the HeckProbit model, the ordered probit model and the mediating effect model were used to study the happiness and underlying mechanism of land-expropriated, urbanised residents. The results showed that the older the farmers are, the lower the probability of obtaining urban hukou through land acquisition, and women will be more likely to achieve household registration through land requisition. Education and party status have significant inhibitory effects on hukou conversion through land acquisition. A comparison among multiple groups indicated that the happiness level of each group is ranked as follows: residents who attained urban hukou through education and job recruitment > urban native residents > land-expropriated, urbanised residents > farmers; however, the happiness level of the latter two groups has no significant difference. The propensity score matching method was further used to reduce the endogeneity due to selection bias, and the results were still robust. The lower self-assessment of socioeconomic status indirectly caused the loss of happiness of land-expropriated, urbanised residents. However, the high living expectation ‘suppressed’ the negative effect of land acquisition on happiness to some extent.
Highlights
Zheng et al (2013) divided the rural-to-urban conversion into two types: selective mobility and policy program [23]. The former refers to the conversion from rural to urban by individual ability, such as education, job recruitment and joining the army, whereas the latter refers to relying on national policies, such as land acquisition and resettlement
Huo et al (2018) found that the group who attained household registration through education and job recruitment has a higher happiness than the land-expropriated, urbanised residents; no significant difference was observed in the level of happiness between the land-expropriated, urbanised residents and farmers [4]
The group (Sample D) who attained urban hukou through education and job recruitment had the highest level of happiness
Summary
In China, the household registration system or hukou was introduced in 1958 This system categorises Chinese citizens into agricultural and nonagricultural hukou or groups. Those with urban or nonagricultural hukou have been able to access city services and facilities including hospitals, housing and eldercare. One of its characteristics is that land-expropriated farmers can apply for nonagricultural household registration due to the construction of national or local governments. The conversion from agricultural to nonagricultural household registration through land requisition is a ‘passive’ choice of farmers with highly strong policy implications in most cases. Exploring such questions will help improve the quality of China’s urbanisation but can provide important reference for the evaluation of the reform of the household registration system Who realises the conversion of household registration through land acquisition? For this group, how are they doing? Are they happier? Exploring such questions will help improve the quality of China’s urbanisation but can provide important reference for the evaluation of the reform of the household registration system
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