Lorand Gaspar en allemand : traces et traductions

Aim. In Turkey, in connection with the Bologna process, German is also taught in Turkish universities as an elective course. There is an important relationship between the selection of the subject in the elective German courses, detailed planning of the courses, and the implementation of the appropriate method. In this study, the subject of professions was planned for the elective German courses. The purpose of this study is the preparation, implementation and evaluation of a sample lesson to describe the selection of the subject of professions for the German course taught as an elective course in the universities. Concept and Methods. This study was conducted by qualitative research. The document research technique was used in the study (Yıldırım & Şimşek, 2008). During the 2018/2019 academic year, I taught about the subject of profession selection in my German courses. I prepared, implemented and evaluated the subject of professions according to the lesson planning model I had previously developed (Coşkun, 2018). I prepared the materials used in this course according to this model. Result and Conclusion. The success of the lesson planning model mentioned above was also observed in the activities conducted earlier. It was also seen that the students who attended German courses in connection with the Bologna process exerted efforts in establishing contact with the instructor and the students attending the class. It was observed that the participants introduced themselves, mentioned the field or the branch in the university where they were studying, and were interested to gain experience abroad in order to be successful in their professions. In addition to the subject discussed in the class, the method implemented in the lesson and the planning of the lesson according to the method, play an important role in the continuation of this interest. Therefore, effective lesson planning models and unique methods should be developed. Origin. Students from all the departments of the university may attend the elective German language classes opened in connection with the Bologna process. The condition for participation in the courses “German for Erasmus” and “German for Communication” which I teach, is to learn German at the A1 level. It is frequently observed that the participants speak German at different levels. The overseas experience of the participants, the quality of the German and other language education they had received from primary to high school and university play an important role in this. In the recent years, the number of participants from German and other foreign language speaking countries has increased. The students who had been in German-speaking countries under the Erasmus program participate in the German courses also to maintain their fluency in the German language. In order to execute the German courses effectively for different purposes, for different fields and participants coming from different countries and students with different levels of fluency, a suitable method should be developed. It is believed that this inter-disciplinary study will contribute to the active German courses.

Statement of the problem. Our research is aimed at considering the problem of borrowing English words (anglicisms) in German. On the basis of modern German texts of different genres (slogans of firms and enterprises, speeches of public figures in the media, etc.), an attempt is made to analyze some of the problems dealing with distortions of the standard German language. Results. Over the centuries, as a result of political and economic changes in the German-speaking countries, the German language has been significantly influenced by other languages, and a large number of foreign words have entered its vocabulary. Today, in the lexical system of the German language, there is an excessive amount of English borrowings. Some linguists and vocabulary researchers classify and treat German as a recipient language. At present, there are cases when English words are used as a standard, and even the term Denglisch has appeared, i.e. combination of two languages (Deutsch+Englisch = German + English). The article deals with the problems of the phenomena of linguistic purism, analyzes the research of the German Linguistic Society (VDS), which opposes the excessive dominance of foreign words. Every year, the Society awards prizes for the creation of new words by mixing German and foreign languages, in particular English, and the peculiarities of their translation. We have identified the “words of the year” that influenced the German language in one way or another, and we also consider problems that have a negative impact on the standard German language. Conclusion. Due to the rapid development of new technologies and industries, the role of English as the language of international communication in German society is growing. The influence of the English language on the language situation in Germany has been observed for several centuries. In the 21st century, this process is not weakening, but on the contrary, it is expanding. As a result of the study, it is concluded that the English language certainly has an impact on the development of the German language, but does not violate its uniqueness and naturalness of the lexical system.

The article focuses on the interaction of syntagmatic, semantic and paradigmatic factors in the generation of noun content with the category of gender in the German language according to the linguosynergetic scientific approach, which treats the language as a complex and dynamic system capable of self-organizing and self-regulating by selecting the most optimal and most comfortable elements of speech tools to the language treasury. Methodologically important in the article is the position that the synergetic law of the least effort is the driving factor in language development. In relation to the noun, the synergetic mechanism of least effort in the process of generating noun-information speech content implies that the human mental lexicon is directed at decoding the optimal volume of the realized semantic potential of monosemic and polysemic word models. The study describes the build-up and inherent regulation of the polysemic/monosemic nouns semantic model in the synergetic cycle order-chaos-order thus enriching the German linguistics with the topical knowledge about the paradigmatic-syntagmatic models of the German language noun vocabulary. The results of the study were obtained under synergetic-quantitative approach and then extrapolated to the linguosynergetic models of noun name self-organization by the principle of least effort that directs the human mental lexicon to the optimal decoding of the actual information-semantic potential of polysemantic or monosemantic nouns in correlation with the grammar category of gender in German-language publicistic texts.

Nicht die deutsche Sprache an sich, sondern die deutsche Sprache als Wissenschaftssprache wird gegenwärtig von der englischen Sprache abgelöst. Dies trifft die deutschsprachigen Wissenschaftler hart, weil die deutsche Sprache einmal ihre Sprache war. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit werden für diese Entwicklung einige erklärende Gründe aufgeführt. Das Vorherrschen der englischen Sprache als Wissenschaftssprache betrifft auch andere Kulturvölker in gleichem Masse und bedeutet deshalb keinen Verlust an Kultur. Man darf vermuten, dass dies in anderen deutschsprachigen Ländern wie in Österreich und in der Schweiz ähnlich gesehen wird. Der Impact factor hat in weitem Masse zu dieser Entwicklung beigetragen, nicht zuletzt deshalb, weil er vor allem für Arbeiten, die in angloamerikanischen Zeitschriften erscheinen, vergeben wird. Das kann nur bedeuten, dass das Schicksal und die Zukunft junger deutscher, österreichischer und schweizerischer Wissenschaftler von nicht deutschsprachigen Gremien abhängig wird. Der Autor hält dies für eine viel schwerwiegendere Entwicklung als den Verlust der Sprache als Kultursprache. Man kann als Folge dieser Entwicklung vermuten, dass den deutschen Fachzeitschriften keine andere Möglichkeit bleiben wird, als sich umzuorientieren. Wenn sie für die Verbreitung von Daten nicht mehr benötigt werden, können sie nur als Organe für die Fortbildung weiter bestehen. Der Bedarf wird aber erst klar werden, wenn die ärztliche Fortbildung zur Pflicht erklärt wird. Sich für die ärztliche Fortbildung einzusetzen, hat in akademischen Zirkeln erst seit kurzem Interesse gefunden. Es wird deshalb empfohlen, für Fortbildungsarbeiten eine dem Impact factor gleichwertige Beurteilung zu entwickeln, um jüngere Kollegen zum Schreiben derartiger Arbeiten anzuregen. Schon heute ist in einem amerikanischen Curriculum vitae eine Rubrik «Fortbildungsarbeiten» vorgesehen. Bis deutschsprachige Fortbildungsarbeiten in ausreichendem Masse zur Verfügung stehen, wird empfohlen, dass sich Zeitschriftenherausgeber in breiterem Masse englischsprachiger Unterlagen bedienen. Da eine Zeitschrift auch bei grossen Abonnentenzahlen der Werbung der Industrie bedarf, kann dies, muss aber nicht, zu einem Interessenkonflikt zwischen Inserenten und Ärzten führen. Es ist aber abzusehen, dass die Anzahl der Zeitschriften zwangsläufig abnehmen wird.

On a global scale, implementation science has developed considerably as a discipline in recent years. In German-speaking countries, the field has been gaining significance as well, but respective efforts in building capacity and advancing the research infrastructure are still rare. The present study investigates barriers and facilitators for conducting implementation science in German-speaking countries with the goal of formulating recommendations for creating a more supportive research infrastructure. We conducted an interview study with nine well-established implementation researchers affiliated with universities in Austria, Germany, or Switzerland. The interviews were held via Zoom or phone in November and December 2020, transcribed verbatim and analyzed using thematic analysis. Barriers that relate to characteristics of the discipline were difficulties in building a common understanding of the field and the complexity of implementation research projects. Although supportive scientific networks were important facilitators, interviewees mentioned challenges in connecting with likeminded researchers. A further barrier was the lack of opportunities for education and training in implementation science, especially in the German language. Also, participants reported a missing readiness in academia for establishing implementation science that should be addressed by advocacy of the discipline toward academic decision makers. Moreover, since most national funding agencies prioritize basic research over applied research, some interviewees named flexibility in handling research funds as a facilitator for implementation research. The results inform an agenda for promoting implementation science in German-speaking countries and can be beneficial to other countries that are currently advancing their implementation research capacity and infrastructure.

Keywords, Structures of Feeling, and the Novel

In this article, the author analyses pluricentrism/polycentrism in the German standard language and the German LSP. Until the eighties of the 20th century, the German language was treated as a monocentric language and the variant used in Germany was perceived as the model and normative variant. This had a direct impact on the method of teaching German as a foreign language (also in Poland). In the process of teaching, teachers referred only to social, political and economic situation in Germany. Even during German language university courses the variants of the German language used in other German-speaking countries, such as Austria, Switzerland, Luxembourg and Liechtenstein, were rarely discussed and the German language used in Eastern Belgium and Southern Tyrol in Italy was never mentioned. The differences between the variants of the German language can be seen at every level of the language: phonetic, morphological, syntactic, lexical and even pragmatic one. What is interesting, they can be found not only in the standard language (Gesamtsprache), but also in LSP (Fachsprache). In the article, the author shows these differences with regard to both the standard language and LSP. Moreover, he analyses their consequences for German language teaching and the process of translation.

With the PERMA theory, Seligman (2011) postulates that well-being consists of five independently measurable factors: Positive Emotions (P), Engagement (E), Positive Relationships (R), Meaning (M) and Accomplishment (A). The PERMA-Profiler provides the first questionnaire, which measures all five well-being domains in an economical and reliable way. In order to test the validity of the questionnaire in German speaking countries, a German version of the PERMA-Profiler was developed and evaluated in a large sample (N = 854). The results provide evidence for acceptable reliability, very good construct validity (factorial and convergent) and first indications for measurement invariance, for both gender and nationality. Compared to three theoretically competing models, the inter-correlated Five-Factor Model turned out to be the most appropriate statistical model to describe the collected data. It revealed the best trade-off between model fit, parsimony and theoretical interpretability. Our results support the hypothesis of a multidimensional PERMA theory, which gives a closer insight in at least some of the building blocks of well-being. Therefore, the PERMA theory can be seen as a useful extension to a unidimensional subjective well-being approach. Like the English original, the German version of the PERMA-Profiler allows to measure well-being economically across multiple well-being domains. Therefore, the PERMA-Profiler can be recommended as a valid well-being screening instrument for the German speaking adult population.

Several publications are warning that the German language is no longer needed for transmission of scientific data. One of the causes may be the Impact Factor (IF), which appears to be derived predominantly from Anglo-American journals. The aim of this study was to check actual international attention paid to German-language journals, i. e. their citation frequencies in English-language papers. Are these citing rates in English-language articles correlated to the IF, and from where do citing articles originate? Of 25 arbitrarily selected > 85 % German-language medical journals, IF as well as language distributions of citing articles were determined by searching publication years 1995 - 2000 in Science Citation Index (SCI). MEDLINE and EMBASE were used as supplementary retrieval systems. (i) The sample journals displayed an average IF = 0.357. A 99 % correlation (Pearson factor r = 0.987; n = 25) was observed between our "constructed" IF 2000 and IF published in Journal Citation Report 2000. This proves Stegmann's IF determination method to be valid. On the average, 53 % German-language and 45 % English-language articles between 1995 - 2000 cited the 1995 - 1999' contributions of the studied journals. No correlation was observed between IF vs. rates of citing articles in English (r < 0.1). 64 % of citing English-language articles showed corporate sources in Germany/Austria/Switzerland, and 13.5 % authors' institutions in USA. (i) An IF >/= 1 is, obviously, very hard to attain by German-language journals. ISI's differentiation between Citing vs. Cited-only Journals (the latter often serving as MEDLINE/EMBASE sources) during derivation of IF appears unjustified. (ii) English now serves as the predominant communication language in sciences in German-speaking countries, but has not supplanted the German language. Our study reveals remarkable international attention rates remaining.

TOMMORROW neuropsychological battery: German language validation and normative study

Several publications are warning that the German language is no longer needed for transmission of scientific data. One of the causes may be the Impact Factor (IF), which appears to be derived predominantly from Anglo-American journals. The aim of this study was to check actual international attention paid to German-language journals, i. e. their citation frequencies in English-language papers. Are these citing rates in English-language articles correlated to the IF, and from where do citing articles originate? Of 25 arbitrarily selected >85 % German-language medical journals, IF as well as language distributions of citing articles were determined by searching publication years 1995 - 2000 in Science Citation Index (SCI). MEDLINE and EMBASE were used as supplementary retrieval systems. (i) The sample journals displayed an average IF = 0.357. A 99 % correlation (Pearson factor r = 0.987; n = 25) was observed between our >> constructed<< IF 2000 and IF published in Journal Citation Report 2000. This proves Stegmann's IF determination method to be valid. On the average, 53 % German-language and 45 % English-language articles between 1995 - 2000 cited the 1995 - 1999' contributions of the studied journals. No correlation was observed between IF vs. rates of citing articles in English (r <0.1). 64 % of citing English-language articles showed corporate sources in Germany/ Austria/ Switzerland, and 13.5 % authors' institutions in USA. (i) An IF >/=1 is, obviously, very hard to attain by German-language journals. ISI's differentiation between Citing vs. Cited-only Journals (the latter often serving as MEDLINE/ EMBASE sources) during derivation of IF appears unjustified. (ii) English now serves as the predominant communication language in sciences in German-speaking countries, but has not supplanted the German language. Our study reveals remarkable international attention rates remaining.

Objective: The article addresses a pertinent issue in contemporary linguistics: language diffusion, which arises as a result of globalisation processes in the modern world. The aim of this article is to explore the main linguistic trends in Germanic and Romance languages, analyse key challenges, and outline strategies for the preservation and development of Romance-Germanic languages within an intercultural dimension.Methods: The article is based on a comprehensive combination of comparative-historical and cognitive methods, systematic analysis, critical analysis, and sociolinguistic analysis.Results: The article described the tendency in the development of modern Romance and Germanic languages, taking into account the features of technological progress and globalisation processes in the world. It analysed the challenges faced by Romance and Germanic languages in the context of international communication, explored the potential and possible impact of information technologies on the expansion of intercultural contacts between these languages within the framework of international interaction, and offered the authors’ recommendations for strengthening the positions of Romance and Germanic languages in the modern world. The study has established that the main trends in the evolution of Romance and Germanic languages are the intrinsically opposite trends of globalisation and de-globalisation, social changes (political correctness of terminology, in particular), technological progress, the influence of subcultures and their sociolects, and the development of new forms of communication. Conclusions: The key factors affecting the Romance and Germanic languages were such modern norms and values as the desire for equality and diversity, the democratisation of communication forms, and the formation of neologisms that have arisen as a result of a change in the hierarchy of values under the influence of various types of political correctness.

This chapter discusses the history of nineteenth-century German-speaking immigrants and their descendants and their impact on and the development of Germanness in the American Midwest. Beginning with immigration from German-speaking Europe in the early nineteenth century, major pillars of German American society, including education and language policy, the German-language press, club culture, and religion, are described according to key historical milestones, as well as with regard to their implications for the development of Germanness in the Midwest today as it continues to grow and develop as part of the identity of many Midwesterners.

Body Integrity Dysphoria (BID, BIID) is a disease of unknown cause, in which those affected have the intense feeling that a part of the body does not belong to them. BID-sufferers can feel and move the corresponding limb, but it is not part of their mental body image. Estimating the prevalence of BID is very difficult due to the fact that most sufferers do not confide their suffering to anyone. However, the situation has changed since the widespread use of various Internet platforms. The basis is that in the three German-speaking countries (Germany, Austria, Switzerland) most adults have access to the Internet and, sooner or later, are looking for information about the strange feeling that parts of the body don’t feel like they belong. It can therefore be assumed that many of those affected will at some point register in such a forum in order to exchange ideas with others. The quantities are estimates from: (a) Number of BID affected people in the German speaking BID-DACH forum, (b) Number of BID affected people registered in BID forums in the German speaking areas, (c) Number of those affected by BID who do not register but inform via social media, (d) Estimation of the total number of people affected by BID from (a), (b) and (c). According to this model, the prevalence is in the range of 1 in 5,500 (0.018%) to 1 in 22,000 (0.0045%), mean value is in the range of 1 in 11,000 (0.01%). According to the data from Fischer et al (2015) and Garbos et al (2022), the severity of BID follows a normal distribution. This means that 16% have a very mild form, they feel relatively little pressure and they are often probably not even aware that they are suffering from BID at all. The middle 68% from a statistical perspective have a moderate form of BID. Most achieve sufficient catharis with occasional pretending and often do not seriously pursue real disability. Serious candidates for an amputation or other forms of disability are those with an above-average level; they include the top 16% of the distribution. Of these 1,500, around half suffer from the need for amputation, the other half have a desire for paraplegia or other forms of disability. Here it is to be expected that they will want an operation in the long term. This value can be justified rationally, because every realization of the need for disabilities is associated with massive restrictions in everyday life. Those affected are well aware of these limitations and even in the group of severe cases, most people delay it for decades before giving in to the need and having an operation (or other options) carried out. If we assume that the 750 people ready for amputation are spread across the age group 20-70 years, after processing the backlog of old cases, then a maximum of 15 new candidates for amputation per year would be expected. This model refers to the German-speaking area because the forum is conducted in German. However, it seems entirely permissible that a similar prevalence value can also be assumed for several other countries.

That a writer should change the language in which he writes, or that he or she should write from the start in a non-native language, is an increasingly common phenomenon. Economic migrations in the latter half of the 20th century, intensified in the 1990s by migrations due to political conflict, have resulted in a larger number of writers who do not write in their native language. Also, the question of defining the concept of native language in bilingual or multilingual speakers is quite complex. The established definition according to which the mother tongue is the language that is unconsciously acquired in a natural social environment in childhood, does not necessarily correspond to language development in the diaspora, where the first language to be acquired is not always the language of the family. Authors who write in a language that is not their first are not a new phenomenon in literature; on the contrary, they are a historical constant as are migrations themselves. There have been a number of attempts to coin a name for this phenomenon. Terms like exile literature, gastarbeiter (in German-speaking countries) literature, migrant, intercultural, multicultural or transcultural literature have been used. In their works, writers who as individuals are multilingual but write only in a language which is not their first, often engage with themes inspired by their own or their ancestors' cultural milieu. Also, they often engage in translation, thus additionally contributing to the interweaving of two cultures. The Austrian writer Milo Dor who, apart from some early poetry in his mother tongue – Serbian, created his entire literary oeuvre in the German language, is one such author. He wrote in German, was fluent in several languages principally using German and Serbian for communication, and drew on his cultural sphere and experience for his literary themes and range of social engagement. This interconnectedness of cultures is reflected not only in the themes of Dor's prose works, characterized by biographism, but also in his translations and in his work as editor. For writers from the territory of Yugoslavia, Dor represented for decades an important link with German-speaking countries, working tirelessly to promote them both in Austria and in Germany.