Abstract
To examine the long-term effects of lifestyle on the recovery from risk factors of cardiovascular disease and to discuss the difference in the effects of lifestyle modification in subjects with a single risk factor and those with multiple risk factors. We used checkup data compiled for 6477 male workers, aged 20-59 years in 1995, with risk factors of cardiovascular disease. The relation between the recovery from risk factors 9 years later and baseline lifestyles was examined by logistic regression according to the initial number of risk factors. Nine years following the baseline measurements, 1907 subjects had recovered from at least one risk factor. When there was initially a single risk factor, a good overall lifestyle was effective in the recovery [odds ratio (OR) 1.27; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.03, 1.57], with maintaining good dietary habits (OR 1.24; 95% CI 1.07, 1.45) and moderate stress levels (OR 1.19; 95% CI: 1.03, 1.38) both found to be especially effective in the recovery. When there were multiple risk factors, although the effect of a good overall lifestyle on the recovery was less than that when there was only a single risk factor, non-smoking (OR 1.27; 95% CI 1.07, 1.51) and limiting working hours (OR 1.25; 95% CI 1.05, 1.49) were found to be effective. Our results provide evidence that good lifestyles are effective in the recovery from multiple risk factors. Effects of lifestyle on recovery from multiple risk factors are different from effects on the recovery from a single risk factor, with the difference depending on the initial number of risk factors.
Highlights
Metabolic syndrome is defined as a group of risk factors, such as obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia, and other metabolic abnormalities, that can lead to the development of serious diseases [1, 2]
Effects of lifestyle on recovery from multiple risk factors are different from effects on the recovery from a single risk factor, with the difference depending on the initial number of risk factors
In the single-risk-factor group, the odds ratio (OR) of recovery was higher in the good health practice group than in the poor health practice group
Summary
Metabolic syndrome is defined as a group of risk factors, such as obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia, and other metabolic abnormalities, that can lead to the development of serious diseases [1, 2]. Morimoto et al examined the relationship of life style to sister chromatid exchange [7], natural killer cell activities [8,9,10], mutagen levels excreted in the urine [11], and immunoglobulin E [12] These researchers provided evidence that a good lifestyle is influential in the prognosis of lifestyle-related diseases, such as cancer and allergic disorders. Within the context of Environ Health Prev Med (2009) 14:165–172 preventing metabolic syndrome, it is important to examine the long-term effects of lifestyle on a group of multiple risk factors and to clarify the effects of a good lifestyle. Considering the complexity of human lifestyles, the effect of overall lifestyle on a group of multiple risk factors should be evaluated
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