Abstract
Seismic components of Asian elephant (Elephus maximus) vocalizations and locomotion were recorded at a range of distances. To study the properties of sound attenuation in the ground, a string of four geophones was placed at approximately 30 m intervals from the elephants, up to 120 m from the signal source. Precise distances between sensors was measured with a differential GPS. Some trials were also conducted using microphone/geophone pairs at 30- and 120-m distances to compare attenuation in the air in relation to attenuation in the ground. Recordings were made with a four channel data acquisition system, processing signals simultaneously from the geophone string and the microphone/geophone pairs at the near and remote locations. Previous studies indicated that elephant vocalizations and locomotion produce Rayleigh waves, a type of ground surface wave. In this study, the long-range seismic characteristics of the signal sources is described. The propagation of elephant vocalizations in the air and ground is quantified at a range of distances up to 120 m and the rates of signal attenuation within each of the two media are compared.
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