Abstract
Aqueous sodium-ion batteries are attractive battery alternatives for stationary energy storage due to their inherently low cost and high safety. The development of advanced electrode materials with excellent performance and low cost is crucial for the success of aqueous Na-ion batteries. We recently have studied Prussian-blue analogous based electrodes as promising cathodes for aqueous Na-ion batteries. We found that Na1.88Fe[Fe(CN)6]·0.7H2O exhibited fast ionic diffusion that enables the fast charging rate (> 100C), super long cycle life (> 17,000 cycles), high capacity retention and rate capability. In combination of electrochemical characterization and multimodal synchrotron X-ray scattering and spectroscopy methods, we attributed the superior performance to the sodium deficiency and new phase induced through the ball-milling processes. Our work also underlines the importance of fabricating aqueous batteries on the basis of the Earth-abundant, cost- effective, and non-toxic elements.
Published Version
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