Abstract
Water distribution systems are normally designed based on the consumption that would occur during the peak day of the year together with fire-fighting flows. Obviously, demands should also be satisfied during the peak hour. The conventional design approach does not make explicit use of safety factors or the more comprehensive methods of risk-based design. However, there is general recognition of the inherent uncertainty about the levels of water consumption and the need to allow for the possible unavailability of the components of water distribution systems due to electromechanical failures or because of maintenance. Consequently, water distribution systems (WDS) are generally over designed, with the margin of safety being unknown.
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