Abstract
An efficient fragile image watermarking technique for pixel level tamper detection and resistance is proposed. It uses five most significant bits of the pixels to generate watermark bits and embeds them in the three least significant bits. The proposed technique uses a logistic map and takes advantage of its sensitivity property to a small change in the initial condition. At the same time, it incorporates the confusion/diffusion and hashing techniques used in many cryptographic systems to resist tampering at pixel level as well as at block level. This paper also presents two new approaches called nonaggressive and aggressive tamper detection algorithms. Simulations show that the proposed technique can provide more than 99.39% tamper detection capability with less than 2.31% false-positive detection and less than 0.61% false-negative detection responses.
Highlights
Fragile image watermarking has been proposed to authenticate digital images and detect tampering
As image quality is of paramount importance to fragile image watermarking schemes, more most significant bits (MSB) are used for watermark generation than the number of least significant bits (LSB) used for watermark embedding
It leads to many-to-one mapping between MSBs and LSBs and provides the attackers an opportunity to have more alternative MSBs for the same watermark, and this makes the watermarking fragile
Summary
Fragile image watermarking has been proposed to authenticate digital images and detect tampering. In [8], the difference between the image and a chaotic map is used along with pixel pairs for watermark generation and embedding It is a 7MSB:1LSB technique and enhances tamper resistance more than tamper detection (in this scheme, the localization is restricted to pixel pairs). In [9], a blockwise 7MSB:1LSB fragile watermarking technique is proposed using two chaotic maps, one to select pixel locations for embedding and the other to generate watermarks In this scheme, the localization is restricted to 2 × 2 pixel blocks. This paper proposes a 5MSB:3LSB technique that uses logistic map and confusion/diffusion and hashing cryptographic techniques to improve tamper detection and resistance capabilities. It uses a key and pseudorandom number generator to select secure pixels for watermark embedding.
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